Political Clientelism in Presidential Elections and Political History in Madura
Abstract
This research was conducted to reveal clientelism political data and to analyze why clientelism politics has not worked in the presidential election in Indonesia. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method and a case study approach. The selected cases are voters in the Madura region, East Java. Data collection techniques were carried out by conducting in-depth interviews with many informants from various backgrounds, ranging from religious leaders, community leaders, entrepreneurs, media figures, and others. In addition, data collection was also carried out by searching documents on published online media during the presidential election process. The research that has been conducted reveals data that the incumbent presidential candidate, Joko Widodo, and his winning team practiced clientelism politics, through various government programs he led, ranging from social assistance (grants) to programs originating from official ministries and state-owned enterprises. However, the political clientelism exercised by presidential candidate Jokowi is not working in the Madura region. Moreover, in the 2019 presidential election, Jokowi still lost to his rival, Prabowo Subianto. From the analysis conducted, the dysfunctional clientelism politics run by presidential candidate Jokowi is due to three factors that lead to local politics of voters in Madura.
Keywords: presidential election, clientelism politics, political history in Madura
References
[1] Corstange D. Clientelism in competitive and uncompetitive elections. Comp Polit Stud. 2018 Jan;51(1):76–104.
[2] Anciano F. Clientelism as civil society? Unpacking the relationship between clientelism and democracy at the local level in South Africa. J Asian Afr Stud. 2018 Jun;53(4):593–611.
[3] Beg S. Tenancy and clientelism. J Econ Behav Organ. 2021 Jun;186:201–26.
[4] Koster M, Eiró F. Clientelism in Northeast Brazil: brokerage within and outside electoral times. Contemp Soc Sci. 2022;17(3):222–34.
[5] Ramadhan MN, Daniel J, Oley B. Klientelisme sebagai Perilaku Koruptif dan Demokrasi Banal. Jurnal Antikorupsi INTEGRITAS. 2019;5(1):169–80.
[6] Kartodihardjo H, Ariati N, Abdullah M. “Kebijakan Pencegahan Korupsi Sektor Sumber Daya Alam Melalui Pendekatan Institusional dan Struktural,” Jurnal Antikorupsi INTEGRITAS, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 33–47, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v5i2-2.. 481.
[7] Rian Andhika L. Bahaya Patronase Dan Klientelisme Dalam Pemilihan Kepala Desa Serentak. Kajian. 2017;22(3):205–2019.
[8] Sukmajati M, Disyacitta F. Pendanaan Kampanye Pemilu Serentak 2019 di Indonesia: Penguatan Demokrasi Patronase? Jurnal Antikorupsi INTEGRITAS. 2019;5(1):75–95.
[9] Putra GA, Hertanto H, Warganegara A. Fenomena Relawan Politik dan Potensi Praktik Klientelisme Pada Pemilu 2024 di Provinsi Lampung. PERSPEKTIF. 2022 Oct;11(4):1387–93.
[10] Hidayat MS, Wardani ES. “Politik Kekerabatan dan Praktik Klientelistik Keluarga Jayabaya di Lebak dan Keluarga Iskandar di Kabupaten Tangerang,” TheJournalish. Social and Government. 2022 Jun;3(2):75–87.
[11] Siregar IA. “Klientelisme politik pada pemilihan gubernur sumatera utara tahun 2018 di kabupaten kabuhan batu,” Jurnal Demokrasi dan Politik Lokal, vol. 2, no. 2, 2022, Accessed: Feb. 03, 2023. [Online]. Available: http://scholar.unand.ac.id/55874/
[12] Berenschot W. The political economy of clientelism: A comparative study of Indonesia’s Patronage Democracy. Comp Polit Stud. 2018 Oct;51(12):1563–93.
[13] Robinson JA, Verdier T. The political economy of clientelism. Scand J Econ. 2013;115(2):260–91.
[14] Bénit-Gbaffou C. ‘Up close and personal’ - how does local democracy help the poor access the state? stories of accountability and clientelism in Johannesburg. J Asian Afr Stud. 2011;46(5):453–64.
[15] Suryowati E. “Jokowi Gratiskan Tol Suramadu, Begini Penjelasan Lengkap Wapres JK,” Jawapos.com, Surabaya, 2018. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/politik/30/10/2018/jokowi-gratiskan-tolsuramadu- begini-penjelasan-lengkap-wapres-jk/
[16] Agustinus M. “Menteri Susi Blusukan ke Madura Bertemu Petani Garam,” Detik.com, Jakarta, Sep. 11, 2018. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-3016530/menteri-susiblusukan- ke-madura-bertemu-petani-garam
[17] Ziyad, “Menteri Pertanian Beri Bantuan 10 Milyar Ke Petani Madura,” Karimatafm.com, Pamekasan, Feb. 19, 2019. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.karimatafm.com/berita-utama/1321-menteri-pertanian-beri-bantuan- 10-milyar-ke-petani-madura.html
[18] Ferdian K. “Menteri Amran Salurkan Bantuan Pertanian Rp 10 Miliar, Petani Madura Curhat Kerap Kekeringan,” Tribunmadura.co, Pamekasan, Feb. 19, 2019. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://jatim.tribunnews.com/2019/02/19/menteriamran- salurkan-bantuan-pertanian-rp-10-miliar-petani-madura-curhat-kerapkekeringan
[19] Erdianto K. “Penjelasan Luhut soal Video Pemberian Amplop Saat Berkunjung ke Ponpes di Madura,” Kompas.com, Jakarta, Apr. 05, 2019. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/04/05/12303471/penjelasan-luhut-soalvideo- pemberian-amplop-saat-berkunjung-ke-ponpes-di
[20] Puspa AW. “Giliran Jatim dan Madura dapat Sambungan Listrik Gratis,” Bisnis.com, Surabaya, Apr. 07, 2019. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20190407/44/908695/giliran-jatim-dan-maduradapat- sambungan-listrik-gratis
[21] Irawan W. “Menteri BUMN: semua masyarakat Madura nantinya dapat sambungan listrik,” Antaranews.com, Surabaya, Apr. 06, 2019. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/288053/menteribumn- semua-masyarakat-madura-nantinya-dapat-sambungan-listrik-video
[22] Kontan, “BUMN Berbagi Pangan Murah, Listrik Gratis dan Program Tabungan Emas bagi Masyarakat Sumenep,” Kontan.co.id, Jakarta, Apr. 08, 2019. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://pressrelease.kontan.co.id/release/bumnberbagi- pangan-murah-listrik-gratis-dan-program-tabungan-emas-bagi-masyarakatsumenep? page=2
[23] Faizal A. “Meski Jokowi-Ma’ruf Kalah di Madura, Kita Tetap Makan Sate Madura,” Kompas.com, Surabaya, May 11, 2019. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/05/11/23231431/meskijokowi- maruf-kalah-di-madura-kita-tetap-makan-sate-madura
[24] Ballington J, Bollens SA, Chopra P, Demichelis J, Juárez CE. “Demokrasi di tingkat lokal,” in Buku Panduan International IDEA, 1st ed., vol. 4, T. D. Sisk, Ed., Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2002. Accessed: Feb. 07, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.idea.int
[25] Chaniago SP. “Evaluasi Pilkada Pelaksanaan Pilkada Serentak Tahun 2015,” Politik Indonesia: indonesian Political. Sci Rev (Singap). 2016;1(2):196–211.
[26] Martin M. All politics is local. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 2014;103(411):353–9.
[27] Gaventa J. Finding the spaces for change: A power analysis. IDS Bull. 2006;37(6):23– 33.
[28] Imam T. “Dinamika preferensi politik masyarakat desa banmaleng kecamatan giligenting kabupaten sumenep terhadap partai politik islam,” Tesis, Universtas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, 2015. Accessed: Feb. 07, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://docplayer.info/141611836-Dinamika-preferensi-politik-masyarakatdesa- banmaleng-kecamatan-giligenting-kabupaten-sumenep-terhadap-partaipolitik- islam-skripsi.html
[29] iswari Anggit, “Fantastis! Jokowi Tambah Utang Rp 1.809 T Selama 4 Tahun,” CNBC Indonesia, Jakarta, Jan. 22, 2019. Accessed: Feb. 07, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20190122192228-4- 51884/fantastis-jokowi-tambah-utang-rp-1809-t-selama-4-tahun
[30] Harmon-Jones, Judson EM. “An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the theory.,” in Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in psychology, Harmon-Jones, Ed., Washington: American Psychological Association, 2019, pp. 3–24.
[31] Kuntowijoyo, Perubahan Sosial Dalam Masyarakat Agraris Madura 1850-1940. Yogyakarta: Mata Bangsa, 2002. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: http://perpusbalarjogja.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=459
[32] Taufik M. “Sejarah Kelam Pemilu di Pulau Garam Madura,” Merdeka.com, Jakarta, Jul. 17, 2014. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/sejarah-kelam-pemilu-di-pulau-garammadura. html
[33] Triyoga H, Khalisotussurur L. “Video Viral, Warga Madura Teriaki Jokowi Mole,” Viva.co.id, Jakarta, Dec. 21, 2018. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.viva.co.id/berita/politik/1105349-video-viral-warga-madura-teriakijokowi- mole
[34] Scott JC. The moral economy of the peasant: rebellion and subsistence in Southeast Asia. Yale University Press, 1976. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20129197&lokasi=lokal
[35] Iryana W, Mustofa MB. May 1998 Mass Riots in Jakarta: A Holistic and Contextual Analysis of Critical Political Communication. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal. 2023;33(2):201–11.
[36] Iryana W, Mustofa MB, Anwar MS. Budaya Bendawi Pra Islam di Keraton Cirebon Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Islamic Studies. 2023;2(1):19–38.
[37] Hasanah U, Mustofa MB, Anwar MS. Intelektual Muslim Abad XX: Peran dalam Pembaharuan Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Islamic Studies. 2022;1(2):143–58.
[38] Sujati B, Iryana W, Mustofa MB. Cultural Surgical of Indramayu-Cirebon Wayang Kulit Performance; Astrajingga Ngangsu Kaweruh. JAWI. 2022;5(1):51–62.
[39] Iryana W, Mustofa MB. Histografi Perjuangan Pasukan Siliwangi Pada Masa Revolusi Tahun 1945-1949. JAWI. 2021;4(1):17–39.
[40] Budianto A, Mustofa MB, Hasanah U. Transmigrasi Lokal di Lampung: Varian Kebijakan Perpindahan Penduduk di Indonesia. Al-Isnad. Journal of Islamic Civilization History and Humanities. 2021;2(1):1–11.