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https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v3i1.14491
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D. C Carrasco López
D. C Carrasco López
Instituto de Investigaciones, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo-Panamericana Sur Km 11/2 Riobamba, Ecuador
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J. C Carrasco Baquero
J. C Carrasco Baquero
Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo -Panamericana Sur Km 11/2 Riobamba, Ecuador
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V .L Caballero Serrano
V .L Caballero Serrano
Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo -Panamericana Sur Km 11/2 Riobamba, Ecuador
Published Date
- Nov 9, 2023
Insect Diversity of the Lower Montane Evergreen Forest of the Western Andes Mountain Range: Cascada Chilicay and Suncamal
Abstract
Biological research in the low montane evergreen forests of Ecuador focuses on ecological and botanical aspects, while knowledge of the entomofauna of these areas is almost nil. In February 2022, sampling was carried out during the dry season for 15 days, using direct and indirect capture methods (tapping, sieving, and light traps) in two waterfalls of the low montane evergreen forest of the western Andean Cordillera: Chilicay and Suncamal waterfalls, with the objective of identifying the composition of the terrestrial insect fauna at the family level. Two orders and 21 families were recorded, among which the families Carabidae and Noctuidae represented the highest percentage of the total abundance. Although preliminary, this work constitutes the first contribution to the knowledge of the entomofauna of this ecosystem.
Keywords: biodiversity, conservation, entomofauna, insects.
Resumen
Las investigaciones biológicas en los bosques siempreverdes montanos bajos de Ecuador, se centran en aspectos ecológicos y botánicos, mientras que el conocimiento de la entomofauna de estas zonas es escaso. En febrero de 2022, en la época seca y durante 15 días, utilizando métodos de captura directa e indirecta (golpeteo, tamizado y trampas de luz), se realizaron muestreos en dos cascadas del Bosque siempreverde montano bajo de la cordillera occidental de los Andes: Cascada Chilicay y Suncamal, con el objetivo de identificar la composición de la fauna de insectos terrestres a nivel de familia. Se registraron dos órdenes y 21 familias, entre las cuales, las familias Carabidae y Noctuidae representaron el mayor porcentaje de la abundancia total. Aunque en forma preliminar, este trabajo constituye el primer aporte al conocimiento de la entomofauna de este ecosistema.
Palabras Clave: Biodiversidad, conservación, entomofauna, insectos.
References
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[29] Harte J. The Birder’s Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. Bioscience. 1989;39:492–494.
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[31] Price P. Insect ecology. John Wiley & Sons; 1997.
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[35] Winckell A. Relieve y geomorfología del Ecuador. Documentos de investigacion, Centro ecuatoriano de investigacion geografica Guayaquil. 1982;1:3-19.
[36] Steyskal G, Murphy W, Hoover EM. Insects and mites: Techniques for collection and preservation. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 1986.
[37] Imes R. Practical Entomologist. Simon and Schuster; 1992.
[38] White G. A modified inclined sieve for separation of insects from wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research. 1983;19(2):89–91.
[39] Morón M, Terrón R. Distribución altitudinal y estacional de los insectos necrófilos en la Sierra Norte de Hidalgo, México. ACTA ZOOLÓGICA MEXICANA. 1984;3(3):1–47.
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[60] Pardo-Locarno L, Montoya-Lerma J, Bellotti A, Van Schoonhoven A. Structure and composition of the white grub complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae*) in agroecological systems of northern Cauca, Colombia. Fla Entomol. 2005;88(4):355– 363.
[61] Keys T, Pardo-Locarno L. Escarabajos (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) del plan aluvial del Río Cauca, Colombia I. Ensamblaje, fichas bioecológicas, extinciones locales y clave para adultos. Dugesiana. 2013;20:1–15.
[2] De la Torre L, Navarrete H, Muriel P, Macía M, Balsle H. La diversidad de ecosistemas en el Ecuador. Enciclopedia de las Plantas Útiles del Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador: Herbario QCA de la Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; 2008; 28–38.
[3] Gentry A. Field guide to the families and genera of woody plants of northwest South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), with supplementary notes on herbaceous taxa. Conservation International. 1993.
[4] Küper W, Kreft H, Nieder J, Köster N, Barthlott W. Largescale diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes in Neotropical montane rain forests. Journal of Biogeography. 2004;31(9):1477–1487.
[5] Demek J. Manual of detailed geomorphological mapping. Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences; 1972.
[6] Paladines A. Los recursos no renovables del Ecuador: base para la planificación y ordenamiento. Editorial Universitaria; 2005.
[7] Valencia R. Composition and structure of an Andean forest fragment in eastern Ecuador. Composition and structure of an Andean forest fragment in eastern Ecuador. 1995;239-249.
[8] Mogollón H, Guevara J, Remache G. Caracterización vegetal de la Bioreserva del Cóndor. Fundación Numashir para la Conservación de Ecosistemas Amenazados y Ecociencia. 2004; 1-84.
[9] Balslev H, Øllgaard B. Mapa de vegetación del sur de Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador: Botánica Austroecuatoriana. Ediciones Abya-Yala; 2002; 51–64.
[10] Valencia R, Cerón C, Palacios W, Sierra R. Los sistemas de clasificación de la vegetación propuestos para el Ecuador. Sierra, R.(ed). Propuesta preliminar de un sistema de clasificación de vegetación para el Ecuador continental. Proyecto INEFAN/GEF-BIRF y EcoCiencia, Quito. 1999; 19-28.
[11] Cerón C, Montesdeoca M. Diversidad, composición y usos florístico en la Hoya de Guayllabamba-Chota, provincia de Pichincha e Imbabura. Hombre y ambiente. 1994;31: 85-135.
[12] Aguirre Z, Kvist L, Sánchez O. Bosques secos en Ecuador y su diversidad. Botánica económica de los Andes Centrales. 2006;162-187.
[13] JaraGuerrero A, De la Cruz M, Espinosa C, Méndez M, Escudero A. Does spatial heterogeneity blur the signature of dispersal syndromes on spatial patterns of woody species? A test in a tropical dry forest. Oikos. 2015;124(10):1360–1366.
[14] Best B, Kessler M. Biodiversity and conservation in Tumbesian Ecuador and Peru. Volume 218. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International; 1995;–0829.
[15] Krabbe N, Skov F, Fjeldså J, Petersen I. Avian diversity in the Ecuadorian Andes. Centre for Research on Cultural and Biological Diversity of Andean Rainforest (DIVA). DIVA Technical report. 1998.
[16] Groombridge B, Jenkins M, Jenkins M. World atlas of biodiversity: earth’s living resources in the 21st century. Univ of California Press; 2002.
[17] Adams J. Species richness: patterns in the diversity of life. Berlin: Springer; 2009: 28.
[18] May RM. How many species are there on Earth? Science. 1988 Sep;241(4872):1441– 1449.
[19] Gaston J. The magnitude of global insect species richness. Society for Conservation Biology. 1991;5(3):283–296.
[20] Stork NE. How many species of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are there on Earth. Annual Review of Entomology. 2018 Jan;63(1):31–45.
[21] Wilson E. The diversity of life. Thinking About the Environment. Routledge; 2015; 193–195.
[22] Morrone J, Organista D, Okulewicz A, Posadas P. El arca de la biodiversidad. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 1999.
[23] Wilson E. The little things that run the world (the importance and conservation of invertebrates). Society for Conservation Biology. 1987;1(4):344–346.
[24] Riutta T, Slade E, Bebber D, Taylor M, Malhi Y, Riordan P, et al. Experimental evidence for the interacting effects of forest edge, moisture and soil macrofauna on leaf litter decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2012;49:124–131.
[25] Ray R, Seibold H, Heurich M. Invertebrates outcompete vertebrate facultative scavengers in simulated lynx kills in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. 2014;37(1):77–88.
[26] Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos. 2011;120(3):321–6.
[27] Hunter M. Insect population dynamics meets ecosystem ecology: effects of herbivory on soil nutrient dynamics. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 2001;3(2):77–84.
[28] Yang LH, Gratton C. Insects as drivers of ecosystem processes. Current Opinion in Insect Science. 2014 Aug;2:26–32.
[29] Harte J. The Birder’s Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. Bioscience. 1989;39:492–494.
[30] Kobal S, Payne N, Ludwig D. Nestling food habits of seven grassland bird species and insect abundance in grassland habitats in northern Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. 1998;91:69–75.
[31] Price P. Insect ecology. John Wiley & Sons; 1997.
[32] Barragán Á, Dangles O, Cárdenas R, Onore G. The history of entomology in Ecuador. In Annales de la Société entomologique de France. Taylor & Francis Group. 2009;4:410-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2009.10697626
[33] Eisenhauer N, Bonn A, Guerra CA. Recognizing the quiet extinction of invertebrates. Nature Communications. 2019 Jan;10(1):50.
[34] Josse C. Ecological systems of Latin America and the Caribbean: A working classification of terrestrial systems. NatureServe; 2003.
[35] Winckell A. Relieve y geomorfología del Ecuador. Documentos de investigacion, Centro ecuatoriano de investigacion geografica Guayaquil. 1982;1:3-19.
[36] Steyskal G, Murphy W, Hoover EM. Insects and mites: Techniques for collection and preservation. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 1986.
[37] Imes R. Practical Entomologist. Simon and Schuster; 1992.
[38] White G. A modified inclined sieve for separation of insects from wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research. 1983;19(2):89–91.
[39] Morón M, Terrón R. Distribución altitudinal y estacional de los insectos necrófilos en la Sierra Norte de Hidalgo, México. ACTA ZOOLÓGICA MEXICANA. 1984;3(3):1–47.
[40] Merritt R, Resh V, Cummins K. Design of aquatic insect studies: Collecting, sampling and rearing procedures. An introduction to aquatic insects of North America. Dubuque (Iowa): Kendall Hunt Publishing; 1996;12–28.
[41] Borror D, DeLong D. An introduction to the study of insects. New York, USA: Holt, Rinehart & Winston; 1971.
[42] Palacio E, Fernández F. Capítulo 15 Clave para las subfamilias y géneros. Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. 2003.
[43] Villet M. Borror and Delong’s Introduction to the Study of Insects, CA Triplehorn & NF Johnson: book review. African Entomology. 2005;13:393–394.
[44] Fernández F, Andrade G, Amat G. Insectos de Colombia Volumen 3. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2007.
[45] Brown B. Manual of central american diptera. Volume 2. NRC Research Press; 2009.
[46] Luna J. Técnicas de colecta y preservación de insectos. Bol SEA. 2005;37:385–408.
[47] Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado del Cantón Cumandá [Actualización del plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial 2014 – 2019], Cumandá: 2014; accessed 20 September 2022. [aprox. 3 pantallas]. Available from http://app.sni.gob.ec/sni-link/ sni/PORTAL_SNI/data_sigad_plus/sigadplusdocumentofinal/0660001760001_ ACTUALIZACION%20PDOT%20CUMANDA%202014-2019_15-03-2015_23-51-47. pdf
[48] Gabriela Lazzeri M, Esther Bar M, Pieri Damborsky M. Diversidad del orden Lepidoptera (Hesperioidea y Papilionoidea) de la ciudad Corrientes, Argentina. Revista de Biología Tropical. 2011 Mar;59(1):299–308.
[49] McDonnell M, Pickett S. Ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: an unexploited opportunity for ecology. Ecology. 1990;71(4):1232–1237.
[50] McDonnell M, Pickett S, Groffman P, Bohlen P, Pouyat R, Zipperer W, et al. Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient. In Urban Ecology Springer, Boston, MA. 2008. 299-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_18.
[51] Jones E, Leather S. Invertebrates in urban areas: a review. EJE. 2013;109:463–478.
[52] Zapparoli M. Urban development and insect biodiversity of the Rome area, Italy. Landsc Urban Plan. 1997;38(1-2):77–86.
[53] Sorace A, Gustin M. Distribution of generalist and specialist predators along urban gradients. Landscape Urban Planning. 2009;90(3-4):11–118.
[54] Tabea T, Dirk S, Eva K. Effects of urbanization on direct and indirect interactions in a tri-trophic system. Ecological Applications. 2016 Apr;26(3):664–675.
[55] Colwell RK, Coddington JA. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1994 Jul;345(1311):101–118.
[56] Palanca Soler A. Lepidópteros nocturnos atraídos con lámpara de vapor de mercurio en la Estación Biológica de Jaca. 1973.
[57] Neves F, Araújo L, EspíritoSanto M, Fagundes M, Fernandes G, SanchezAzofeifa G, et al. Canopy herbivory and insect herbivore diversity in a dry forest–savanna transition in Brazil. Biotropica. 2010;42(1):112–118.
[58] Hanson P. Insect diversity in seasonally dry tropical forests. Seasonally dry tropical forests. Washington (DC): Island Press; 2011;71–84.
[59] Web of Science [Página de Internet], Zoological Record, New York, Estados Unidos: Thomson Reuters; 2016 [actualizada en febrero de 2017; accessed 12 September 2022]. Available from https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/ solutions/webofscience-zoological-record/#:$\sim$:text=Zoological%20Record% E2%84%A2%20is%20the,unofficial%20register%20of%20animal%20names
[60] Pardo-Locarno L, Montoya-Lerma J, Bellotti A, Van Schoonhoven A. Structure and composition of the white grub complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae*) in agroecological systems of northern Cauca, Colombia. Fla Entomol. 2005;88(4):355– 363.
[61] Keys T, Pardo-Locarno L. Escarabajos (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) del plan aluvial del Río Cauca, Colombia I. Ensamblaje, fichas bioecológicas, extinciones locales y clave para adultos. Dugesiana. 2013;20:1–15.