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K Ramírez
K Ramírez
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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G Zambrano
G Zambrano
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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A Santos
A Santos
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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F Calderón
F Calderón
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Published Date
- Nov 9, 2023
Impacts of land grabbing and agribusiness on peasant family farming in the province of Los Ríos – Ecuador
Abstract
Land grabbing and agribusiness have generated serious implications for the sustainability of peasant communities in the global south. This paper analyzes perceptions of the impact of land grabbing and agribusiness on peasant family farming in three cantons of Los Ríos Province in Ecuador, using focus groups in 2020. The sustainable development framework and content analysis using NVIVO12 software were used. In the territories, negative impacts were mostly identified that seriously compromise their sustainable development, given that monocultures and the agribusiness production system have had strong implications in deforestation, loss of biodiversity, contamination of natural resources, modification of the agricultural landscape, and farmers’ health.
Keywords: land grabbing, peasants, agribusiness.
Resumen
El acaparamiento de tierras y los agronegocios han generado serias implicaciones en la sostenibilidad de comunidades campesinas del sur global. En este artículo se analizan las percepciones del impacto del acaparamiento de tierras y los agronegocios en la agricultura familiar campesina en tres cantones de la Provincia de Los Ríos en Ecuador, aplicando grupos focales en el 2020. Se empleó el marco del desarrollo sostenible y el análisis de contenidos mediante el software NVIVO12. En los territorios se identificaron mayoritariamente impactos negativos que comprometen seriamente su desarrollo sostenible, dado que los monocultivos, sistema de producción de los agronegocios, han tenido fuertes implicaciones en la deforestación, pérdida de biodiversidad, contaminación de recursos naturales, modificación paisaje agrícola y salud de los agricultores.
Palabras Clave: acaparamiento de tierras, campesinos, agronegocios.
References
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[4] Borras S, Hall R, Scoones I, White B, Wolford W. Towards a better understanding of global land grabbing: An editorial introduction. The Journal of Peasant Studies [Internet]. 2011;38(2):209–216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.559005.
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[6] Krieger T, Leroch M. The political economy of land grabbing. Homo Oeconomicus [Internet]. 2016;33:197–204. Available from: https://www.springer.com/journal/41412 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41412-016-0022-3.
[7] Agrawal A, Brown DG, Sullivan JA. Are global land grabs ticking socio-environmental bombs or just inefficient investments ? One Earth [Internet]. 2019;1:159–162. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.004.
[8] Oliveira G, McKay B, Liu J. Beyond land grabs: New insights on land struggles and global agrarian change. Globalizations [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14747731.2020.1843842
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[11] Messerli P, Heinimann A, Giger M, Breu T, Scho O. From “land grabbing” to sustainable investments in land : potential contributions by land change science. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability [Internet]. 2013;5:528–534. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343513000316
[12] Vandergeten E, Azadi H, Teklemariam D, Nyssen J, Witlox F, Vanhaute E. Agricultural outsourcing or land grabbing: a meta-analysis. Landscape Ecology. 2016;31(7):1395– 1417.
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[15] Martínez Valle L. 3. De la hacienda al agronegocio: agricultura y capitalismo en Ecuador. En: Tierra y Poder en América Latina (1982-2012) volumen II [Internet]. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Continente; 2014; 123–158. Available from: https://flacsoandes.edu.ec/sites/default/files/%25f/agora/files/de_ la_hacienda_al_agronegocio.pdf
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[18] Aexpalma. Censo Palmero 2017 [Internet]. Boletín con breves datos. 2017 [cited 7 August 2020]. Available from: https://aexpalma.com/datos-censo-palmero-2017/
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[20] GAD municipal Buena Fe. Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial del cantón San Jacinto de Buena FE 2015-2019 [Internet]. Buena Fe: Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado de San Jacinto de Buena Fe; 2015. Available from: http://app.sni.gob.ec/sni-link/sni/PORTAL_SNI/data_sigad_plus/ sigadplusdiagnostico/1260001890001_1260001890001_Propuesta_Modelo_ Gestión_20-02-2015_17-14-49.pdf
[21] MAE-MAGAP. Mapa de Cobertura y Uso de la tierra en el Ecuador continental. Escala 1:100.000, año 2013 - 2014 [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://geoportal.agricultura.gob.ec/geonetwork/srv/spa/catalog.search# /metadata/026b935f-aec7-47c4-abd9-3967d4491398
[22] Burja V, Tamas-Szora A, Dobra IB. Land concentration, land grabbing and sustainable development of agriculture in Romania. Sustainability (Basel). 2020;12(5):2137.
[23] Sachs J. La era del desarrollo sostenible. Nueva York: Paidós Empresa; 2014.
[24] UNDP. Desde los ODM hasta el desarrollo sostenible para todos: lecciones aprendidas tras 15 años de prácticas [Internet]. New York; 2016. Available from:http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/SDGs/Spanish/ES_f_UNDP_MDGsto- SDGs_web.pdf
[25] Alhassan SI, Shaibu MT, Kuwornu JKM, Damba OT, Amikuzuno J. The nexus of land grabbing and livelihood of farming households in Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668- 020-00719-9.
[26] Chambers R, Conway G. Sustainable development in the 21st Century. International- Data-Spaces-Association/IDS-PAP. 1991;296:1–29.
[27] DFID. Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. United Kingdom; 1999.
[28] Given L. The SAGE enciclopedia of qualitative research methods. Volumes 1. Given L, editor. The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications; 2008;1–4054.
[29] Mohr LB. The qualitative method of impact analysis. American Journal of Evaluation [Internet]. 1999;20(1):69–84. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S109821409980109X
[30] OIT. ¿En qué consiste la evaluación de impacto con métodos cualitativos [Internet]. Guía para la evaluación de impacto. 2020 [cited 18 July 2020]. Available from: https://guia.oitcinterfor.org/como-evaluar/en-que-consiste-evaluacion-impacto
[31] Malkamäki A, D’Amato D, Hogarth NJ, Kanninen M, Pirard R, Toppinen A, et al. A systematic review of the socio-economic impacts of large-scale tree plantations, worldwide. Global Environmental Change [Internet]. 2018;53:90–103. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.09.001.
[32] Dell’Angelo J, D’Odorico P, Rulli MC. Threats to sustainable development posed by land and water grabbing. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2017;26– 27:120–128.
[33] Locher M, Müller U. “Investors are good, if they follow the rules” -power relations and local perceptions in the case of two European forestry companies in Tanzania. Geographica Helvetica. 2014;69(4):249–258.
[34] Ndi FA, Batterbury S. Land grabbing and the axis of political conflicts: insights from southwest Cameroon. Africa Spectrum. 2017;52(1):33–63.
[35] Busscher N, Parra C, Vanclay F. Environmental justice implications of land grabbing for industrial agriculture and forestry in Argentina. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management [Internet]. 2020;63(3):500–522. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2019.1595546.
[36] Coscieme L, Niccolucci V, Giannetti BF, Pulselli FM, Marchettini N, Sutton PC. Implications of land-grabbing on the ecological balance of Brazil. Resources.2018;7(44):1–10.n Mocache, Proyecto: Generación de geoinformación para la gestión del territorio a nivel nacional escala 1: 25 000, componente 4: sistemas productivos [Internet]. 2012. Disponible en: http://app.sni.gob.ec/sni-link/sni/PDOT/ ZONA5/NIVEL_DEL_PDOT_CANTONAL/LOS_RIOS/MOCACHE/IEE/MEMORIAS_ TECNICAS/mt_mocache_sistemas_productivos.pdf
[2] Rulli MC, Saviori A, D’Odorico P. Global land and water grabbing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [Internet]. 2013;110(3):892– 897. Available from: https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/110/3/892.full.pdf https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213163110.
[3] Baker K, Miklos SB. What is “Land Grabbing” [Internet]. Romania; 2016. Available from: http://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/es/c/1010775/
[4] Borras S, Hall R, Scoones I, White B, Wolford W. Towards a better understanding of global land grabbing: An editorial introduction. The Journal of Peasant Studies [Internet]. 2011;38(2):209–216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.559005.
[5] Scoones I, Hall R, Borras S, White B, Wolford W. The politics of evidence: Methodologies for understanding the global land rush. The Journal of Peasant Studies [Internet]. 2013;40(3):469–483. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2013.801341
[6] Krieger T, Leroch M. The political economy of land grabbing. Homo Oeconomicus [Internet]. 2016;33:197–204. Available from: https://www.springer.com/journal/41412 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41412-016-0022-3.
[7] Agrawal A, Brown DG, Sullivan JA. Are global land grabs ticking socio-environmental bombs or just inefficient investments ? One Earth [Internet]. 2019;1:159–162. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.004.
[8] Oliveira G, McKay B, Liu J. Beyond land grabs: New insights on land struggles and global agrarian change. Globalizations [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14747731.2020.1843842
[9] FAO. Boletín de Agricultura Familiar para América Latina y el Caribe [Internet]. 2017. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7205s.pdf
[10] FAO. Dinámicas del mercado de la tierra en América Latina y el Caribe: concentración y extranjerización [Internet]. Soto F, Gómez S, editores. Roma; 2012. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/i2547s/i2547s.pdf
[11] Messerli P, Heinimann A, Giger M, Breu T, Scho O. From “land grabbing” to sustainable investments in land : potential contributions by land change science. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability [Internet]. 2013;5:528–534. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343513000316
[12] Vandergeten E, Azadi H, Teklemariam D, Nyssen J, Witlox F, Vanhaute E. Agricultural outsourcing or land grabbing: a meta-analysis. Landscape Ecology. 2016;31(7):1395– 1417.
[13] INEC. Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua (ESPAC) 2019 [Internet]. Quito; 2020. Available from: https://www.ecuadorencifras. gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/Estadisticas_agropecuarias/espac/espac-2019/ PresentaciondelosprincipalesresultadosESPAC2019.pdf
[14] Daza E. Problemáticas de la tierra en el Ecuador [Internet]. Insituto de Estudios Ecuatorianos. 2015 [cited 11 August 2020]. Available from: https://www.iee.org.ec/noticias/problematicas-de-la-tierra-en-el-ecuador.html
[15] Martínez Valle L. 3. De la hacienda al agronegocio: agricultura y capitalismo en Ecuador. En: Tierra y Poder en América Latina (1982-2012) volumen II [Internet]. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Continente; 2014; 123–158. Available from: https://flacsoandes.edu.ec/sites/default/files/%25f/agora/files/de_ la_hacienda_al_agronegocio.pdf
[16] INEC. Censo Nacional Agropecuario [Internet]. Ecuador en Cifras. 2000 [cited 23 January 2021]. Available from: https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/censo-nacionalagropecuario/
[17] MAGAP, Consorcio TRACASA-NIPSA. Memoria técnica: cantón Palenque/bloque 1.4, Proyecto “levantamiento de cartografía temática escala 1:25.000, LOTE 1”. 2015.
[18] Aexpalma. Censo Palmero 2017 [Internet]. Boletín con breves datos. 2017 [cited 7 August 2020]. Available from: https://aexpalma.com/datos-censo-palmero-2017/
[19] IEE. Memoria técnica del cantón Mocache, Proyecto: Generación de geoinformación para la gestión del territorio a nivel nacional escala 1: 25 000, componente 4: sistemas productivos [Internet]. 2012. Available from: http://app.sni.gob.ec/ sni-link/sni/PDOT/ZONA5/NIVEL_DEL_PDOT_CANTONAL/LOS_RIOS/MOCACHE/ IEE/MEMORIAS_TECNICAS/mt_mocache_sistemas_productivos.pdf
[20] GAD municipal Buena Fe. Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial del cantón San Jacinto de Buena FE 2015-2019 [Internet]. Buena Fe: Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado de San Jacinto de Buena Fe; 2015. Available from: http://app.sni.gob.ec/sni-link/sni/PORTAL_SNI/data_sigad_plus/ sigadplusdiagnostico/1260001890001_1260001890001_Propuesta_Modelo_ Gestión_20-02-2015_17-14-49.pdf
[21] MAE-MAGAP. Mapa de Cobertura y Uso de la tierra en el Ecuador continental. Escala 1:100.000, año 2013 - 2014 [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://geoportal.agricultura.gob.ec/geonetwork/srv/spa/catalog.search# /metadata/026b935f-aec7-47c4-abd9-3967d4491398
[22] Burja V, Tamas-Szora A, Dobra IB. Land concentration, land grabbing and sustainable development of agriculture in Romania. Sustainability (Basel). 2020;12(5):2137.
[23] Sachs J. La era del desarrollo sostenible. Nueva York: Paidós Empresa; 2014.
[24] UNDP. Desde los ODM hasta el desarrollo sostenible para todos: lecciones aprendidas tras 15 años de prácticas [Internet]. New York; 2016. Available from:http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/SDGs/Spanish/ES_f_UNDP_MDGsto- SDGs_web.pdf
[25] Alhassan SI, Shaibu MT, Kuwornu JKM, Damba OT, Amikuzuno J. The nexus of land grabbing and livelihood of farming households in Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668- 020-00719-9.
[26] Chambers R, Conway G. Sustainable development in the 21st Century. International- Data-Spaces-Association/IDS-PAP. 1991;296:1–29.
[27] DFID. Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. United Kingdom; 1999.
[28] Given L. The SAGE enciclopedia of qualitative research methods. Volumes 1. Given L, editor. The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications; 2008;1–4054.
[29] Mohr LB. The qualitative method of impact analysis. American Journal of Evaluation [Internet]. 1999;20(1):69–84. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S109821409980109X
[30] OIT. ¿En qué consiste la evaluación de impacto con métodos cualitativos [Internet]. Guía para la evaluación de impacto. 2020 [cited 18 July 2020]. Available from: https://guia.oitcinterfor.org/como-evaluar/en-que-consiste-evaluacion-impacto
[31] Malkamäki A, D’Amato D, Hogarth NJ, Kanninen M, Pirard R, Toppinen A, et al. A systematic review of the socio-economic impacts of large-scale tree plantations, worldwide. Global Environmental Change [Internet]. 2018;53:90–103. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.09.001.
[32] Dell’Angelo J, D’Odorico P, Rulli MC. Threats to sustainable development posed by land and water grabbing. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2017;26– 27:120–128.
[33] Locher M, Müller U. “Investors are good, if they follow the rules” -power relations and local perceptions in the case of two European forestry companies in Tanzania. Geographica Helvetica. 2014;69(4):249–258.
[34] Ndi FA, Batterbury S. Land grabbing and the axis of political conflicts: insights from southwest Cameroon. Africa Spectrum. 2017;52(1):33–63.
[35] Busscher N, Parra C, Vanclay F. Environmental justice implications of land grabbing for industrial agriculture and forestry in Argentina. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management [Internet]. 2020;63(3):500–522. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2019.1595546.
[36] Coscieme L, Niccolucci V, Giannetti BF, Pulselli FM, Marchettini N, Sutton PC. Implications of land-grabbing on the ecological balance of Brazil. Resources.2018;7(44):1–10.n Mocache, Proyecto: Generación de geoinformación para la gestión del territorio a nivel nacional escala 1: 25 000, componente 4: sistemas productivos [Internet]. 2012. Disponible en: http://app.sni.gob.ec/sni-link/sni/PDOT/ ZONA5/NIVEL_DEL_PDOT_CANTONAL/LOS_RIOS/MOCACHE/IEE/MEMORIAS_ TECNICAS/mt_mocache_sistemas_productivos.pdf