Hindu Literacy: The Basic Concept of Education and the Literacy Patter in Upanisads
Abstract
Literacy is the soul of education in Hindu civilization. The Upanisad is an integral part of Vedic literature, and it provides the basic concepts of education and literacy patterns. According to the Upanisad, education is about giving academic degrees to students and building excellent human character; literacy is essential in Hindu Education. Various educational methods are used in the Upanisad, with the aim of awakening all human potential. Through educational efforts to generate superior human character as a whole, intelligence and wisdom are accentuated. Upanisad learning still has relevance in the modern era, such as in the philosophy of idealism. Students must be made aware of the importance of education in life, outside of simply making a living. The spirit of the learning torch must be adopted in modern times to prevent it from losing sight of its main path, that is, to raise human excellence. Hindu literacy becomes the main foundation in the education system, which builds the machine of human intelligence and wisdom. Activating the spirit of learning and methodology in Upanisad will directly help efforts to increase literacy.
Keywords: upanisad, vedānta, Hindu literacy
References
[1] Keay RF. Ancient Indian education an Inquiry into its origin, development, and ideals: reviews of Literature. London: Oxford University Press; 1918.
[2] Apte D. Universities in ancient India. Baroda: Faculty of Education and Psychology Maharaja Sarajiran University of Baroda; 1961.
[3] Marshall SJ. A guide to taxila. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing; 1918.
[4] Surpi ANK. Vedānta & metode pemahaman filsafat Hindu. 1st ed. Surabaya: Paramita; 2019. 288 p.
[5] Radhakrishnan S. The principal Upanishads. London: George Allen & Unwin LTD; 1953. 950 p.
[6] Olivelle P. The early Upanisads: annotated text and translation. New York: Oxford University Press;
1998.
[7] Olivelle P. The early Upanisads: annotated text and translation. New York: Oxford University Press;
1998.
[8]SurpiNK.Ketuhananvais⋅n⋅avadanpemaknaannyaolehwargabhujanggawaisnawadiBali
[dissertation]., Denpasar: Institut Hindu Dharma Negeri Denpasar; 2019.
[9] Edelmann J. Hermeneutics and Hindu thought: toward a fusion of horizons. The Journal of Hindu
Studies. 2011;4(2).
[10] Tiwari YD, Aleaz KP. Modern Hindu interpretation of the scriptures: swami dayanand. Indian Journal of
Theology. 1982;2:175-187.
[11] Chano J, Surpi NK. The thoughts on divinity philosophy of Madhvācarya. Vidyottama Sanatana
International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies; 2020;4(2):250–60.
[12] Diaconescu B. On the new ways of the late Vedic hermeneutics:mīmām⋅sāand navya-nyāya. Asiatische Studien Études Asiatiques LXVI. 2012;2:261–306.
[13] Murty KS. Vedic hermeneutics. Delhi: Shri Lal. Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha in association with Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited; 1993.
[14] Indonesia Ministry of Education. Status and major challenges of literacy in Indonesia. Abuja: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; 2010.
[15] Surpi NK. Hadapi tantangan global, Lembaga Pendidikan Hindu harus jadi gurukula modern. Jurnal Penjaminan Mutu. 2017; 3 (2):171-179.
[16] Sirswal DR. Methods of philosophical inquiry in Upanishads. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research. 2012;1(2):57–62.
[17] Bronkhorst J. Literacy and rationality in ancient India. Asiatische Studien/Études Asiatiques. 2002;56(4):797–831.
[18] Surpi NK, Avalokitesvari NNN, Ardana IK, Sukanta IK, Subrata IDM. The divinity philosophy of vaisnava and its interpretation by the warga bhujangga waisnawa in Bali. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. 2020;29 (3s):374-381.
[19] Bora A. The policy of education as reflected in siksavalli of the tattiriopanisad. Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal. 2015;6.
[20] Ferrer A. Integral education in ancient India from Vedas and Upanishads to Vedanta. International Journal of Research -Granthaalayah. 2018;6(6).
[21] Joshi J. The concept of Upāsanā: worship in Sanskrit literature by Rajani S. Patki Pub: satguru publication. Journal of Ananthacharya Indological Research Institute. 1998;I:169–71.
[22] Gambhirananda S. Eight Upanishads with the commentary of Shankaracharya. Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama; 1937.
[23] Das AK. Language, literature and science vis-à-vis the Vedas and the Upanishads. International Journal of Mind, Brain & Cognition. 2015;6(1–2):91–112.
[24] Chang S-M. The wisdom of Upanisads: Hinduism and moral education. The Journal of Moral Education. 2010;21(2).
[25] Ryder AW. The Panchatantra of Vishnu Sharma English translation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1925.
[26] Surpi NK. The influence of Tarkaśāstra proficiency in the internal and interfaith dialogue nowadays. Vidyottama Sanatana International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies. 2019;3 (2):250-257.