Education of Indonesian Girls: The Outlook of Discrimination, Rights, and the Impact on Society

Abstract

The purpose of this quantitative study is to investigate the education of Indonesian girls in terms of discrimination, awareness of their rights to education, and the wider impact on society. The level of discrimination was analysed using the data of girls’ educational attainment and comparing it to that of boys from low income families, obtained from the Central of Bureau Statistics (CBS) Indonesia in 2012. Awareness of rights to education was investigated using a survey with 100 participants. The result showed that in all levels of education boys had a higher level of attainment than girls. Furthermore, there are higher numbers of girls than boys in the uneducated category. Girls’ educational attainment is closely linked to the human development index which is representative of society. Additionally, girls’ awareness of their rights to education is still very low.


Keywords: Educational Attainment of Girls, Discrimination, Rights to Education, Human Development Index

References
[1] Ball, S. J. (Ed.). (2013). Foucault and education: Disciplines and knowledge. Routledge: London.

[2] Daimaria, P. (1996). Women and Culture in Indonesia: Images in Religion, Customary Law in the State. Lila-Asia Pacific Women’s Studies Journal, vol. 6, pp. 7-11.

[3] Hart, S. N. (1991). From Property to Person Status: Historical Perspective on Children’s Rights. American Psychologist, vol. 46, no. 1, p. 53.

[4] King, E. M., & Hill, M. A. (Eds.). (1997). Women’s education in developing countries: Barriers, benefits, and policies. World Bank Publications. Baltimore, MD :The Johns Hopkins University Press.

[5] McCracken, K., et al. (2015). Empowering Women and Girls through Education. Brussels: European Parliament.

[6] McGivney, V. (1993). Women, Education and Training. Guildford: NIACE.

[7] Moose, J. C. (1993). Half the world, half a chance: an introduction to gender and development. Oxfam.Oxford: Alden Press.

[8] Noorbakhsh, F. (1998). A Modified Human Development Index. World Development, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 517-528.

[9] Paechter, C. (1998). Educationg the Other: Gender, Power, and Schooling. London: Falmer Press.

[10] Prasilowati, S. (2000). An Analysis of Women’s Education in Indonesia: Empowerment and Barriers. Halifax: Saint Mary’s University.

[11] Riddell, S. (1992). Gender and Education: Progressive and Conservative Forces in the Balance. Scottish Council for Research in Education, vol. 12, pp. 44-53.

[12] Rose, P., & Subrahmanian, R. (2005). Evaluation of DFID Development Assistance: Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: Phase II Thematic Evaluation: Education. Department for International Development, London.

[13] Scott, J. (2004). Family, Gender, and Educational Attainment in Britain: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, pp. 565-589.

[14] Spring, J. (2000). The Universal Rights in Education: Justification, Definition, and Guidelines. New York: Routledge.

[15] Verhellen, E. (1993). Children’s Rights and Education: A Three-Track Legally Binding Imperative. School Psychology International, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 199-208.