Mapping the Digital Footprint of Women Entrepreneurs in East Java
Abstract
This research objective comprehensively analyze characteristics based on East Java female entrepreneurs. The selection of East Java as the research subject stems from being the second province with the highest number of MSMEs in Indonesia. The research gap, examined descriptively and spatially, aims to provide a more comprehensive insight into the digital transformation of female entrepreneurs in East Java and its correlation with the social construction perspective through an in-depth literature review. The patterns within the relationship between female entrepreneurship and socio-cultural constructs will contribute novelty to this analytical study. The data utilized in this study are secondary and numeric, obtained through the National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) in 2022 and have been analyzed in descriptive statistics. The result revealed that from spatial analysis, it is observed that Sumenep, Pamekasan, Bojonegoro, Malang, and Jember are the regions with the highest levels of female entrepreneurship in East Java. Meanwhile, areas with the lowest levels of female entrepreneurship are the cities of Madiun, Pasuruan, Probolinggo, and Mojokerto. The high motivation of female entrepreneurs is for additional income, and they adopt digitalization strategies to optimize their operations and income. Further, there remains a noticeable credit access, usability, and digital usage divide gap among male and female entrepreneurs in East Java.
Keywords: women empowerment, SMEs, digitalization, gender equality
References
[1] Aly H. Digital transformation, development and productivity in developing countries: is artificial intelligence a curse or a blessing? Review of Economics and Political Science. 2022;7(4):238–56.
[2] Badriyah N. Social Capital of human Resources in SMEs on Competitive Advantages [ JAM]. Journal of Applied Management. 2017;15(3):491–500.
[3] Bullough A, Guelich U, Manolova TS, Schjoedt L. Women’s entrepreneurship and culture: gender role expectations and identities, societal culture, and the entrepreneurial environment. Small Bus Econ. 2022;58(2):985–96.
[4] Cahyono E, Syafitri W, Susilo A. Ethnicity, Migration, And Entrepreneurship In Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics. 2021;9(1):1–12.
[5] Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Vrontis, D., & Thrassou, A. (2022). SME entrepreneurship and digitalization – the potentialities and moderating role of demographic factors. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 179(September 2021), 121648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121648.
[6] Creswell JW. (2008). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design (Third Edit). Sage.
[7] De Vita L, Mari M, Poggesi S. Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries: evidences from the literature. Eur Manage J. 2014;32(3):451–60.
[8] Dy AM, Marlow S, Martin L. A Web of opportunity or the same old story? Women digital entrepreneurs and intersectionality theory. Hum Relat. 2017;70(3):286–311.
[9] Fitriasari F. How do Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) survive the COVID-19 outbreak? Research method. Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi. 2020;05(02):53–62.
[10] Gill K, Brooks K, et al. (2020). Bridging the Gender Divide: How technology can Advance Women Economically. International Center for Research on Women, 4.
[11] Hamid R, Ahmad Zukarnain Z, Nik Md Salleh NS, Nik Ismail NN. Digital Literacy Among Women Entrepreneurs in Rural Areas. Journal of Contemporary Social Science Research. 2020;4(1):87–93.
[12] Hussin AS, Aziz BA. Socioeconomic Developoment on Poverty Alleviation of Women Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Professional Business Review. 2021;6(1):1– 30.
[13] Kamberidou I. “Distinguished” women entrepreneurs in the digital economy and the multitasking whirlpool. J Innov Entrep. 2020;9(1):3.
[14] Kauffman RJ, Walden EA. Economics and electronic commerce: survey and directions for research. Int J Electron Commerce. 2021;5(4):5–116.
[15] Kemenkop UK. (2023). Data UMKM Indonesia 2022. https://ukmindonesia.id/bacadeskripsi- posts/data-umkm-jumlah-dan-pertumbuhan-usaha-mikro-kecil-danmenengah- di-indonesia
[16] Kesk H, Gentürk C, Sungur OH. (2017). The importance of SMEs in developing economies. 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, 183–192.
[17] Khan TA, Khan FA, Violinda Q, Aasir I, Jian S. Microfinance facility for rural women entrepreneurs in pakistan: an empirical analysis. Agriculture. 2020;10(3):1–17.
[18] Kuntowijoyo. (2002). Madura Mata Bangsa.
[19] Laksmanawati J, Yuniawan A. Women and the Digitalization Strategies of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in the New Normal Era. Petra International Journal of Business Studies. 2021;4(1):55–64.
[20] Lopez-Sintas J, Lamberti G, Sukphan J. The social structuring of the digital gap in a developing country. The impact of computer and internet access opportunities on internet use in Thailand. Technol Soc. 2020;63(October):101433.
[21] Maziku P, Majenga A. Mashenene, & Robert, G. (2014). The Effects of Socio- Cultural Factors on the Performance of Women Small and Medium Enterprises in Tanzania. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(21), 2222–1700. www.iiste.org
[22] Nagel L. The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital transformation of work. Int J Sociol Soc Policy. 2020;40(9–10):861–75.
[23] Nambisan S, Lyytinen K, Majchrzak A, Song M. (2017). Innovation Management Research in a Digital World. In Distribution (Vol. 41, Issue 1).
[24] Nawaz F. (2009). Critical Factors of Women Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Bangladesh. In Bangladesh Development Research Working Paper Series (BDRWPS (Vol. 5, Issue May). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1403411.
[25] Nchimbi, M. (2002). “Gender and entrepreneurship in Tanzania: A comparative analysis of male-female’s start-up motivation, individual characteristics and perceptions of business success. University of Dar es Salaam.
[26] Nord JH, Lee TR, Çetin F, Atay Ö, Paliszkiewicz J. Examining the impact of social technologies on empowerment and economic development. Int J Inf Manage. 2016;36(6):1101–10.
[27] Olsson AK, Bernhard I. Keeping up the pace of digitalization in small businesses– Women entrepreneurs’ knowledge and use of social media. Int J Entrep Behav Res. 2021;27(2):378–96.
[28] Ongena S. Working Paper Series. RE:view. 2003;85(6): https://doi.org/10.20955/r.85.67.
[29] Pal M, Gupta H. Sustainable women empowerment at the bottom of the pyramid through credit access. Equal Divers Incl. 2023;42(1):157–71.
[30] Pergelova A, Manolova T, Simeonova-Ganeva R, Yordanova D. Democratizing Entrepreneurship? Digital Technologies and the Internationalization of Female-Led SMEs. J Small Bus Manag. 2019;57(1):14–39.
[31] Priyabadini, S. (2022). Impact of Digitalisation on Efficiency and Effectiveness of Women - A Case Study. International Journal of Finance, Entrepreneurship & Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.56763/ijfes.v1i.36.
[32] 32. Rosenbaum GO. Female entrepreneurial networks and foreign market entry. J Small Bus Enterprise Dev. 2017;24(1):119–35.
[33] Rymarczyk J. The impact of industrial revolution 4.0 on international trade. Entrep Bus Econ Rev. 2021;9(1):105–17.
[34] Salam A, Pratomo DS, Saputra PM. Sosio-economic determinants of multidimensional poverty in the rural and urban areas of East Java. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research. 2020;9(4):1445–9.
[35] Schumpter J. The Creative Response in Economic History. J Econ Hist. 1947;7(2):149– 59.
[36] Shah H, Saurabh P. Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Nations: Growth and Replication Strategies and Their Impact on Poverty Alleviation. Technol Innov Manag Rev. 2015;5(8):34–43.
[37] Susanto H. Dampak Sosial Segregasi Etnis Madura di Perkotaan. Universitas Airlangga; 2003.
[38] Tariq S, Bhat A, Sangmi MU. Microfinance and Women Entrepreneurship: An Extant Literature Review. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management. 2020;9(3):18–25. Available from: http://publishingindia.com/jem/
[39] Terjesen S, Bosma N, Stam E. Advancing Public Policy for High-Growth, Female, and Social Entrepreneurs. Public Adm Rev. 2016;76(2):230–9.
[40] Welch CL, Welch DE, Hewerdine L. Gender and export behaviour: evidence from women-owned enterprises. J Bus Ethics. 2008;83(1):113–26.
[41] Wiesner R. (2018). The WiRE Program: Advancing Women in Rural, Regional and Remote Enterprises through Entrepreneurship. Final Report to the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. Australian Government.
[42] Yulianto E, Supriono. Effect of open innovation on firm performance through type of innovation: evidence from SMES in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. Cogent Business and Management. 2023;10(3):2262671.
[43] Yusof, et al. Exploring the cultural determinants of entrepreneurial success: the case of Malaysia. International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES. 2017;4(12):287–97.
[44] Zainal Abidin, Z., Rahayu, S. M., Pamungkas, M. G. W. E. N., Handayani, S. R., & Utami5, R. B. Entrepreneurial Knowledge, Market Orientation, Digitalization, and Entrepreneurial Competencies: evidence from SMEs in Indonesia. Journal of Economics. Finance and Accounting Studies. 2022;4(2):91–103.
[45] Zairis A (Masouras A, Maris G, Kavoura A, editors). The Effective Use of Digital Technology by SMEs. In Entrepreneurial Development and Innovation in Family Businesses and SMEs (E. IGI Global; 2020.
[46] Zhang H, Zhou X. Gender Roles in Developing Countries and Women Entrepreneurs’ Intention/Entry/Business Engagement and Performance. In: Rezaei S, Li J, Ashourizadeh S, Ramadani V, Gërguri-Rashiti S, editors. The Emerald Handbook of Women and Entrepreneurship in Developing Economies. Emerald Publishing Limited; 2021. pp. 35–48.