An Understanding of the Entrepreneurial Growth Intention for Creative Industries in Indonesia

Abstract

Micro-small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, where MSME actors dominate the national economic actors more than 99%. Despite the large number of MSMEs in Indonesia, these MSMEs have not shown good performance. Not all MSMEs want to grow and develop. Therefore, this study aims to understand the entrepreneurial growth intention of MSMEs actors in Indonesia’s creative industries. The variables used to understand the determinants of growth intentions are personal character, knowledge, skills, motivation, gender, and education. This study used a questionnaire that was distributed to 680 respondents of MSME in the creative industry. Respondents were selected by purposive random sampling with some criteria in three provinces in Indonesia (South Sumatra, West Java, and DI Yogyakarta). The data were analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM). The results show that personal character, skills, and motivation have a significant and positive relationship with growth intentions. Motivation has the greatest influence on business growth intentions. Therefore, training related to increasing motivation, personal character, and skills is specifically needed to increase business growth intentions for MSMEs in Indonesia, especially in the creative industry sector.


Keywords: growth intention, motivation, personal character, SEM, skill

References
[1] Ajzen I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50(2):179–211.

[2] Al-Qadasi N, Zhang G, Al-Awlaqi MA, Alshebami AS, Aamer A. Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention of university students in Yemen: the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Front Psychol. 2023 Jan;14( January):1111934.

[3] Anjum T, Farrukh M, Heidler P, Tautiva JA. Entrepreneurial intention: Creativity, entrepreneurship, and university support. J Open Innov. 2021;7(1):1–13.

[4] Ardichvili A, Cardozo R, Ray S. A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. J Bus Venturing. 2003;18(1):105–23.

[5] Ashraf SF, Li C, Mehmood B. A Study of Premium Price Brands with Special Reference to Willingness of Customer to Pay. Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci. 2017;7(7): https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i7/3126.

[6] Atuahene-Gima K, Ko A. An Empirical Investigation of the Effect of Market Orientation and Entrepreneurship Orientation Alignment on Product Innovation. Organ Sci. 2001;12(1):54–74.

[7] Bae TJ, Qian S, Miao C, Fiet JO. The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-Analytic Review. Entrep Theory Pract. 2014;38(2):217–54. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12095

[8] Barba-Sánchez V, Atienza-Sahuquillo C. Entrepreneurial intention among engineering students: the role of entrepreneurship education. Eur Res Manag Bus Econ. 2018;24(1):53–61.

[9] Barney J. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. J Manage. 1991;17(1):99–120.

[10] Baum J, Frese M, Baron R. The Psychology of Entrepreneurship. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2007.

[11] Baum JR, Locke EA, Smith KG. A multidimensional model of venture growth. Acad Manage J. 2001;44(2):292–303.

[12] Begley TM, Boyd DP. A Comparison of Entrepreneurs and Managers of Small Business Firms. J Manage. 1987;13(1):99–108. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638701300108

[13] Beijerse RP. Knowledge management in small and medium-sized companies: knowledge management for entrepreneurs. J Knowl Manage. 2000;4(2):162–79.

[14] Bilgiseven EB, Kasimoǧlu M. Analysis of Factors Leading to Entrepreneurial Intention. Procedia Comput Sci. 2019;158:885–90.

[15] Bird B. Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intentions. Acad Manage Rev. 1988;13(3):442–53.

[16] Brown TE, Kirchhoff BA. (1997). The effects of resource availability and entrepreneurial orientation on firm growth. Babson Kauffman Entrepreneurship Research Conference.

[17] Chandler GN, Jansen E, Chandler GN, Jansen E. The Founder’s Self-Assessed Competence and Venture Performance. J Bus Venturing. 1992;7(3):223–36.

[18] Chell E. Review of skill and the entrepreneurial process. Int J Entrep Behav Res. 2013;19(1):6–31. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551311299233

[19] Cheng TS. The Study of Relationship for Personality Traits, Perception Risk, Motivation, Business Strategies Environment Factors and Business Performance To Entrepreneurs. International Journal of Organizational Innovation. 2019;12(2):360– 71. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN= 138949182&site=ehost-live&authtype=ip,shib&user=s1523151

[20] Cherniss C, Goleman D (Goleman CC, editor). The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals, Groups, and Organizations. Jossey-Bass A Wiley Company; 2001.

[21] Cooney TM. (2012). Entrepreneurship Skills for Growth- Orientated Businesses. Denish Business Authority, November, 23. http://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/Cooney_entrepreneurship_skills_HGF.pdf

[22] Cunningham, J Barton and Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining Entreprenurship. Journal of Small Business Management. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270820230

[23] Dao TK, Bui AT, Doan TT, Dao NT, Le HH, Le TT. Impact of academic majors on entrepreneurial intentions of Vietnamese students: an extension of the theory of planned behavior. Heliyon. 2021 Mar;7(3):e06381.

[24] Davidsson P. Ability, Need, and Opportunity As Determinants of Small Firm Growth. J Bus Venturing. 1991;6(6):405–29.

[25] Davidsson P. Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship. Entrep Reg Dev. 1995;7(1):41–62. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629500000003

[26] Davidsson P, Delmar F, Wiklund J. (2006). Entrepreneurship as Growth: Growth as Entrepreneurship. In Entrepreneurship and the Growth of Firms’ (pp. 21–38). Edward Elgar Publishing.

[27] Davidsson P, Honig B. The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. J Bus Venturing. 2003;18(3):301–31.

[28] Delmar F, Davidsson P, Gartner WB. Arriving at the high-growth firm. J Bus Venturing. 2003;18(2):189–216.

[29] Dickwach F, Jungbauer-Gans M. Betriebsgründerinnen in Ostdeutschland. Soz Welt. 1995;1:70–91.

[30] Dohse D, Walter SG. Knowledge context and entrepreneurial intentions among students. Small Bus Econ. 2012;39(4):877–95.

[31] Douglas E, Prentice C. Innovation and profit motivations for social entrepreneurship: A fuzzy-set analysis. J Bus Res. 2019;99:69–79. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.031

[32] Dutta DK, Thornhill S. The evolution of growth intentions: toward a cognition-based model. J Bus Venturing. 2008;23(3):307–32.

[33] Esfandiar K, Sharifi-Tehrani M, Pratt S, Altinay L. Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. J Bus Res. 2019;94(October):172–82.

[34] Evans MA. (2021). Entrepreneurship and emotional intelligence: A quantitative evaluation of the moderating effect of emotional intelligence on resilience and entrepreneurial orientation [Regent University]. https://www.proquest.com/ openview/09048f5b5db6b5bafe80a17110c8768e/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl= 18750&diss=y

[35] Fan Y, Chen J, Shirkey G, John R, Wu SR, Park H, et al. Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: an updated review. Ecol Process. 2016;5(1):19. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0063-3

[36] Fiet JO, Baron R, Busenitz L, Kelly D, Green P, Levesque M, et al. The Theoretical Side Of Teaching Entrepreneurship. J Bus Venturing. 2000;:16.

[37] Fillis I, Rentschler R. The Role of Creativity in Entrepreneurship. J Enterp Cult. 2010;18(01):49–81.

[38] Fini R, Grimaldi R, Marzocchi GL, Sobrero M. The Foundation of Entrepreneurial Intention. Summer Conference Copenhagen Business School; 2009.

[39] Florin J, Karri R, Rossiter N. Fostering entrepreneurial drive in business education: an attitudinal approach. J Manage Educ. 2007;31(1):17–42. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562905282023

[40] Fragoso R, Rocha-Junior W, Xavier A. Determinant factors of entrepreneurial intention among university students in Brazil and Portugal. J Small Bus Entrep. 2020;32(1):33–57.

[41] Gaumer EA, Soukup JH, Noonan PM, McGurn L. Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. KS: University of Kansas, Center for Research on Learning; 2016.

[42] Giacomin O, Janssen F, Pruett M, Shinnar RS, Llopis F, Toney B. Entrepreneurial intentions, motivations and barriers: differences among American, Asian and European students. Int Entrep Manage J. 2011;7(2):219–38. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0155-y

[43] Gibb A, Davies L. In pursuit of frameworks for the development of growth models of the small business. Int Small Bus J. 1990;9(1):15–31.

[44] Ginn, C., & Sexton, D. L. (1989). Growth: A Vocation Choice and Psychological Preference. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 612–625.

[45] Grant RM. (2009). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. In Knowledge and Strategy (Vol. 33, Issue 3). Butterworth- Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7088-3.50004-8.

[46] Gundry LK, Welsch HP. The ambitious entrepreneur: high growth strategies of women-owned enter- prises. J Bus Venturing. 2001;16(5):453–70. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00059-2

[47] Hair J, Risher J, Sarstedt M, Ringle C. When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. Eur Bus Rev. 2019;31(1):2–24.

[48] Hamburg I, Vladut G, O’Brien E. (2017). Fostering skills for digital social innovations in entrepreneurship education. Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education, 3(1), 99–105.

[49] Hayton JC, Kelley DJ. A competency-based framework for promoting corporate entrepreneurship. Hum Resour Manage. 2006;45(3):407–27. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20118

[50] Hermans J, Vanderstraeten J, Van Witteloostuijn A, Dejardin M, Ramdani D, Stam E. Entrepreneurial Growth: Individual, Firm, and Region. Adv Entrep Firm Emerg Growth. 2015;17:127–60.

[51] Histrich RD, Peters MP, Shepherd D. Entrepreneurship. McGraw Hill Irwin; 2005.

[52] Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen MR. Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Electron J Bus Res Methods. 2008;6:53–60. Available from: https://doi.org/www.ejbrm.com

[53] Hu R, Wang L, Zhang W, Bin P. Creativity, proactive personality, and entrepreneurial intention: the role of entrepreneurial alertness. Front Psychol. 2018 Jun;9( JUN):951.

[54] Hui J. Research on the Influence of Entrepreneurial Failure Learning on Serial Business Intention. Advances in Economics. Business and Management Research. 2019;109:593–602.

[55] Hurriyati R, Razati G, Sulastri S, Perdana Putra N. Entrepreneur Skills on Business Performance of Small and Medium Enterprise. Business and Management Research. 2016 Jan;15:795–7.

[56] Izadi JZ, Ziyadin S, Palazzo M, Sidhu M. The evaluation of the impact of innovation management capability to organisational performance. Qual Mark Res. 2020;23(4):697–723.

[57] Izquierdo E, Buelens M. Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Influence of Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Attitudes. Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and Training; 2008.

[58] Jack SL, Anderson AR. Entrepreneurship education within the enterprise culture Producing reflective practitioners. Int J Entrep Behav Res. 1999;5(3):1355–2554.

[59] Jaworski BJ, Kohli AK. Market Orientation : antecedents and Consequences. J Mark. 1993;57(3):53–70.

[60] Karabulut AT. Personality Traits on Entrepreneurial Intention. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2016;229:12–21.

[61] Karia N. A comparative benchmark model for SMEs: viable entrepreneur emotional intelligence. Benchmarking (Bradf). 2021;28(3):813–29.

[62] Karimi S, Biemans H, Lans T, Arasti Z, Chizari M, Mulder M. (2011). Application of Structural Equation Modelling to Assess the Effect of Entrepreneurial Characteristics on Students’ Entrepreneurial. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2152932

[63] Karimi S, Biemans HJ, Lans T, Chizari M, Mulder M, Mahdei KN. Understanding role Models and Gender Influences on Entrepreneurial Intentions Among College Students. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2013;93(0):204–14.

[64] Kariv D, Cisneros L, Ibanescu M. The role of entrepreneurial education and support in business growth intentions: the case of Canadian entrepreneurs. J Small Bus Entrep. 2019;31(5):433–60.

[65] Kautonen T, van Gelderen M, Fink M. Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrep Theory Pract. 2015;39(3):655–74.

[66] Kerr SP, Kerr WR, Xu T. Personality traits of entrepreneurs: A review of recent literature. Found Trends Entrep. 2018;14(3):279–356. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000080

[67] Koellinger P, Minniti M, Schade C. “I think I can, I think I can”: overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. J Econ Psychol. 2007;28(4):502–27. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2006.11.002

[68] Kolvereid L, Åmo BW. Growth intention and growth in small accounting firms. Adm Sci. 2019;9(2):36.

[69] Kolvereid L, Bullvag E. (1996). Growth Intentions adn Actual Growth: The Impact of Entrepreneurial Choice. 4(1), 1–17. http://journal.umsurabaya. ac.id/index.php/JKM/article/view/2203

[70] Kong F, Zhao L, Tsai CH. The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Intention and Action: The Effects of Fear of Failure and Role Model. Front Psychol. 2020 Mar;11(March):229.

[71] Krueger NF, Carsrud AL. Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behavior. Entrep Reg Dev. 1993;5(4):316–23. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020

[72] Krueger NF Jr, Reilly MD, Carsrud AL. Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. J Bus Venturing. 2000;15(5):411–32.

[73] Kuratko DF. The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Education: Development, Trends, and Challenges. Entrep Theory Pract. 2005;29(5):577–97.

[74] Kyndt E, Baert H. Entrepreneurial competencies: assessment and predictive value for entrepreneurship. J Vocat Behav. 2015;90:13–25.

[75] Lee J. The motivation of women entrepreneurs in Singapore. Int J Entrep Behav Res. 1997;3(2):93–110.

[76] Lee L, Wong PK, Foo MD, Leung A. Entrepreneurial Intentions: the Influence of Organizational and Individual Factors. J Bus Venturing. 2011;26(1):124–36.

[77] Levie J, Autio E. (2013). Growth and growth intentions: A metaanalysis of existing evidence. Enterprise Research Centre, 1, 1–44. https://www.enterpriseresearch.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ERC-White- Paper-No_1-Growth-final.pdf

[78] Li nán F. Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education. Universidad de Sevilla; 2004.

[79] Liu X, Lin C, Zhao G, Zhao D. Research on the effects of entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on college students’ entrepreneurial intention. Front Psychol. 2019 Apr;10(April):869. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00869

[80] Lowden JS. (1988). Managerial Skills for the Entrepreneur. In Management Decision. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb001505.

[81] Makhbul ZM, Hasun FM. Entrepreneurial Success: An Exploratory Study among Entrepreneurs. Int J Bus Manage. 2011;4(1):116–25. Available from: https://pdfs. semanticscholar.org/e123/f9ac5fd89cbdcde8f405259874936feaf7ca.pdf

[82] Malebana MJ. The effect of knowledge of entrepreneurial support on entrepreneurial intention. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2014;5(20):1020–8.

[83] Al Mamun A, Subramaniam EA, Binti Che Nawi N, Binti Zainol NR. Entrepreneurial Competencies and Performance of Informal Micro-Enterprises in Malaysia. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2016;7(3):273–81.

[84] Man TW, Lau T, Snape E. Entrepreneurial Competencies and the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises: An Investigation through a Framework of Competitiveness. J Small Bus Entrep. 2008;21(3):257–76. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2008.10593424

[85] Manley SC, Hair JF Jr, Williams RI Jr, McDowell WC. Essential new PLS-SEM analysis methods for your entrepreneurship analytical toolbox. Int Entrep Manage J. 2021;17(4):1805–25.

[86] March JG, Sutton RI. Organizational Performance as a Dependent Variable. Organ Sci. 1997;8(6):698–706.

[87] Martin BC, McNally JJ, Kay MJ. Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. J Bus Venturing. 2013;28(2):211–24. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.002

[88] Marvel MR, Davis JL, Sproul CR. Human Capital and Entrepreneurship Research: A Critical Review and Future Directions. Entrep Theory Pract. 2016;40(3):599–626.

[89] McClelland DC. The Achieving Society. Free Press; 1961. https://doi.org/10.1037/14359-000.

[90] McClelland DC. An Achievement and entrepreneurship: A longitudinal study. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1965 Apr;1(4):389–92. Available from: http://libproxy.kw.ac.kr/d40edcd/ _Lib_Proxy_Url/content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?EbscoContent= dGJyMNXb4kSeqLY4yOvsOLCmr0{%}2Bepq5Srqm4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer= dGJyMPGvtEuvrrZOuePfgeyx43zx1{%}2B6B&T=P&P=AN&S=R&D=pdh&K=1965- 10859-001

[91] Ministry of Cooperative and SME. (2020). Data Pelaku UMKM di Indonesia. In Kementerian Koperasi dan UKM Republik Indonesia (Issue 1). https://kemenkopukm.go.id/data-umkm/ ?O0txO7cuvfLZPSls63ODfq06kofx8LdaypR6kIgJHCpK7A4vuq{%} https:// kemenkopukm.go.id/read/target-pemerintah-30-juta-umkm-masuk-ekosistemdigital- pada-tahun-2024

[92] Ministry of Tourism and Creative of Indonesia. (2020). Statistik Ekonomi Kreatif 2020.

[93] Molina DC, Déniz MC, Cabrera AM. The HR decision-maker’s emotional intelligence and SME performance. Manag Res Rev. 2020;43(1):56–81.

[94] Moriano JA, Gorgievski M, Laguna M, Stephan U, Zarafshani K. A Cross-Cultural Approach to Understanding Entrepreneurial Intention. J Career Dev. 2012;39(2):162– 85.

[95] Mu noz-Murillo M, Álvarez-Franco PB, Restrepo-Tobón DA. The role of cognitive abilities on financial literacy: new experimental evidence. J Behav Exp Econ. 2020;84:101482.

[96] Nasurdin AM, Ahmad NH, Lin CE. Examining a model of entrepreneurial intention among Malaysians using SEM procedure. Eur J Sci Res. 2009;33(2):365–73.

[97] Nedumaran, G., Saroja, R., & phil Scholar, M. (2020). A Study on Support Digital Entrepreneurship. Dogo Rangsang Research Journal, 10(6).

[98] Neneh, B. N. (2019). From entrepreneurial alertness to entrepreneurial behavior: The role of trait competitiveness and proactive personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 138( June 2018), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.020.

[99] Neneh BN, Vanzyl J. Growth intention and its impact on business growth amongst SMEs in South Africa. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2014;5(20):172–83.

[100] NESTA. Barriers Developing Entrepreneurial Graduates. NESTA; 2008.

[101] Norena-Chavez D, Guevara R. Entrepreneurial Passion and Self-Efficacy as Factors Explaining Innovative Behavior: A Mediation Model. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration. 2020;VIII(3):352–73.

[102] Novak M, Bojnec Š. Human capital and economic growth by municipalities in Slovenia. Managing Global Transitions. 2005;3(2):157–77.

[103] Nyadu-Addo S, Edwards MD. (2022). Implications of Capital Availability and Accessibility on Entrepreneurial Propensity of Graduate Students in Ghana. Asian Journal of Management Entrepreneurship and Social Science. https://doi.org/https://ajmesc.com/index.php/ajmesc

[104] Omerzel DG, Antončič B. Critical entrepreneur knowledge dimensions for the SME performance. Ind Manage Data Syst. 2008;108(9):1182–99.

[105] Potekhina EV, Gulina IV, Dmitrieva OV, Frolova VB, Semenova JA. Increasing Labor Efficiency in the Area of Digital Entrepreneurship. Revisia Inclusiones. 2020;7:137– 45.

[106] Quintillán I, Pe na-Legazkue I. Emotional intelligence and venture internationalization during economic recession. Int J Entrep Behav Res. 2020;26(2):246–65.

[107] Rauch A, Frese M. Psychological approaches to entrepreneurial success. A general model and an overview of findings. In: Cooper CL, Robertson IT, editors. International review of industrial and organizational. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, January. 2000. pp. 101–42.

[108] Rauch A, Frese M. Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A metaanalysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. Eur J Work Organ Psychol. 2007;16(4):353–85.

[109] Rofiaty R. The relational model of entrepreneurship and knowledge management toward innovation, strategy implementation and improving Islamic boarding school performance. J Model Manag. 2019;14(3):662–85.

[110] Rosa P, Carter S, Hamilton D. Gender as a determinant of small business performance: insights from a British study. Small Bus Econ. 1996;8(6):463–78.

[111] Saemundsson RJ. Entrepreneurship, Technology, and the Growth Process: A study of young, medium-sized technology-based firms. Chalmers University; 2003.

[112] Salder, J., Gilman, M., Raby, S., & Gkikas, A. (2020). cpeck,+Journal+editor,+Beyond+linearity+and+resource-based+perspectives+of+ SME+growth. 30, 1–17.

[113] Sánchez J. The influence of entrepreneurial competencies on small firm performance. Rev Latinoam Psicol. 2012;44(2):165–77. Available from: https://doi.org/http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120- 05342012000200014&script=sci_arttext

[114] Santoso S, Sutedjo B, Oetomo D. Influence of Motivation and Self-Efficacy on Entrepreneurial Intention to Run a Business. Expert Journal of Marketing. 2018;6(1):14–21.

[115] Saoula O, Shamim A, Ahmad MJ, Abid MF. Do entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial motivation, and family support enhance entrepreneurial intention? The mediating role of entrepreneurial education. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship; 2023. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-06-2022-0055.

[116] Setiadi NJ, Aryanto R. Creativity-Relevant Personal Characteristics among Indonesia Creative Workers. The Winners. 2014;15(2):140.

[117] Setini, M., Nyoman, N., Yasa, K., Supartha, I. W. G., Ayu, I. G., & Giantari, K. (2020). The-passway-of-women-entrepreneurship-Starting-from-social-capital-with-openinnovation- through-to-knowledge-sharing-and-innovative-performanceJournal-of- Open-Innovation-Technology-Market-and-Complexity.pdf.

[118] Sexton, D. L., & Bowman-Upton. (1991). Entrepreneurship: Creativity and growth. MacMillan.

[119] Sexton DL, Smilor R. Entrepreneurship. Upstart Publishing; 2000.

[120] Shabbir MS, Shariff MN, Shahzad A. A Conceptual Development of Entrepreneurial Skills and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Case of IT employees in Pakistan. Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci. 2016;6(3): Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v6-i3/2040 https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v6-i3/2040.

[121] Shahzad MF, Khan KI, Saleem S, Rashid T. What factors affect the entrepreneurial intention to start-ups? The role of entrepreneurial skills, propensity to take risks, and innovativeness in open business models. J Open Innov. 2021;7(3):173.

[122] Shane S. A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual- Opportunity Nexus. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship. 2004;22(2):206–16.

[123] Shapero A. The displaced, uncomfortable entrepreneur. Psychol Today. 1975;:9.

[124] Shi D, Lee T, Maydeu-Olivares A. Understanding the Model Size Effect on SEM Fit Indices. Educ Psychol Meas. 2019 Apr;79(2):310–34. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164418783530

[125] Shinnar RS, Giacomin O, Janssen F. Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Intentions: The Role of Gender and Culture. Entrep Theory Pract. 2012;22(3):91–110. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00509.x

[126] Sri Susilo Y. Strategi Meningkatkan Daya Saing Umkm Dalam Menghadapi Implementasi Cafta Dan Mea. Buletin Ekonomi Agustus. 2010;8(2):70–170.

[127] Srimulyani VA, Hermanto YB. Impact of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Motivation on Micro and Small Business Success. Journal Economies MDPI. 2022;10(10):1–21.

[128] Stam E, Suddle K, Hessels J, van Stel A. High-growth entrepreneurs, public policies and economic growth. Public policies for fostering entrepreneurship: a European perspective. Springer; 2009. pp. 91–110.

[129] Stenholm P. Innovative Behavior as a Moderator of Growth Intentions. J Small Bus Manag. 2011;49(2):233–51.

[130] Stevenson HH, Jarillo JC. A aradigm of entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial management. Strateg Manage J. 1990;11:17–27.

[131] Stewart WH Jr, Roth PL. Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: a meta-analytic review. J Appl Psychol. 2001 Feb;86(1):145–53.

[132] Stoian MC, Dimitratos P, Plakoyiannaki E. SME internationalization beyond exporting: A knowledge-based perspective across managers and advisers. J World Bus. 2018;53(5):768–79. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2018.06.001

[133] Storey DJ. The birth of new firms-Does unemployment matter? A review of the evidence. Small Bus Econ. 1991;3(3):167–78.

[134] Tambunan TT. Peluang, Tantangan dan Ancaman Bagi UMKM Indonesia Dalam Era CAFTA dan ME-ASEAN 2015. Prosiding Seminar & Konferensi Nasional Manajemen Bisnis. 2012;1(22):1–14.

[135] Tehseen S, Ramayah T. Entrepreneurial competencies and smes business success: the contingent role of external integration. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2015;6(1):50–61.

[136] Terpstra DE, Olson PD. Entrepreneurial Start-up and Growth: A Classification of Problems. Entrep Theory Pract. 1993;17(3):5–20.

[137] Tyszka T, Cieślik J, Domurat A, Macko A. Motivation, Self-Efficacy, and Risk Attitudes Among Entrepreneurs During Transition To A Market Economy. J Socio-Economics. 2011;40(2):1–8.

[138] Urbano D, Aparicio S. Entrepreneurship capital types and economic growth: international evidence. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2016;102:34–44.

[139] Utomo F. (2021). Kewirausahaan di Industri Kreatif. Pustaka Aksara. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361181166

[140] Vijaya V, Kamalanabhan TJ. A Scale to Assess Entrepreneurial Motivation. J Entrepsh. 1998;7(2):183–98. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/097135579800700204

[141] Vodă AI, Florea N. (2019). Impact of personality traits and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041192

[142] Wardi Y, Susanto P. (2015). Analisis Orientasi Kewirausahaan pada Kinerja Perusahaan: Studi Empiris pada Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (UKM) di Sumatera Barat. Seminar Nasional Ekonomi Manajemen Dan Akuntansi (Snema) Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Padang, c, 1–9. http://fe.unp.ac.id/sites/default/files/unggahan/2. Yunia Wardi, Perengki Susanto (hal 143-151)_0.pdf

[143] Wei J, Chen Y, Zhang J, Gong Y. Research on factors affecting the entrepreneurial learning from failure: an interpretive structure model. Front Psychol. 2019 Jun;10( JUN):1304.

[144] Wernerfelt B. The resource-based view of the firm. Strateg Manage J. 1984;5(2):171– 80.

[145] Westhead P, Solesvik MZ. (2016). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: Do female students benefit? International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 34(8), 979–1003. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615612534

[146] Wiklund J, Davidsson P, Delmar F. What do they think and feel about growth? Entrep Theory Pract. 2003;27(3):247–69. Available from: https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1111/1540- 8520.t01-1-00

[147] Wiklund J, Shepherd D. Aspiring for, and achieving growth: the moderating role of resources and opportunities. J Manage Stud. 2003;40(8):1919–41.

[148] Wilson MR, Wood G, Vine SJ. (2009). Anxiety, Attentional Control, and Performance Impairment in Penalty Kicks. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.6.761

[149] Wolff SB. (2005). Emotional Competence Inventory: (ECI) Technical Manual. In Hay Group (Vol. 21, Issue November).

[150] Wu L, Wang C, Chen C, Pan LY. Competitiveness during the Growth Stage : A Study of Taiwanese High-Tech Ventures. Entrep Theory Pract. 2008;32(3):529–49.

[151] Yates JF, Stone ER. The risk construct. Risk-Taking Behavior. 1992;( January):1–25.

[152] Yuesti A, Rustiarini NW, Suryandari NN. Financial literacy in the covid-19 pandemic: pressure conditions in indonesia. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues. 2020;8(1):884–98.

[153] Zhao H, Seibert SE. The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: a meta-analytical review. J Appl Psychol. 2006 Mar;91(2):259–71.

[154] Zhao H, Seibert SE, Lumpkin GT. The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. J Manage. 2010;36(2):381–404.