Contradiction of CIVIL Code with Islamic Law Regarding Children Guardianship Outside Marriage in Indonesia
Abstract
Basically, child custody is the responsibility of both parents; however, in reality, in Indonesia, not all parents do it or get it. Many children do not get protection and rights, even though the related regulations already belong to the Indonesian state. It turns out that this can happen because of various factors that influence one of them related to legal marriage according to Civil law and Islamic law, there are differences between the two regulations. For example, according to civil law, marriage is legal if it is registered with the state, while in Islam it does not have to be. Under the existing rules, this causes an inequality between protection and the rights obtained by children. Based on these problems, this research was conducted to conduct an analysis related to civil law and Islamic law in Indonesia, which regulates child guardianship for children who are considered born out of wedlock, using qualitative research methods. The results obtained from this research show that according to civil law, marriage must be registered with the state to protect child custody and provide clear legal protection, not only for children but also for wives. Meanwhile, according to Islamic law, a marriage that cannot be registered with the state still has a valid law, for example, Siri marriage or underhand marriage. However, in both civil and Islamic law, it is clear that a child in this condition can only have a bloodline relationship between the mother and the mother’s family. The biological father cannot be the guardian of the child. The current condition of society, which tends to take the matter of marriage lightly by ignoring marriage registration and so on, should receive special attention from the government. In this case, the government can more often provide premarital counselling and/or outreach related to marriage in Indonesia. Also, it is very important to increase public awareness.
Keywords: child born out of wedlock, marriage, custody
References
[1] Republik Indonesia, UUD 1945, vol. 105, no. 3. 1945, pp. 129–133.
[2] Hermawan E. Rudy., Heriyani, “Pengakuan dan Hak Asuh Anak Luar Kawin (Studi Penetapan No. 456/Pdt.P/2020/PN Jkt.Pst),” Ilmu Sos. dan Pendidik., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 714–723, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v7i1.4511/http.
[3] Mubarok N. Sejarah Hukum Pencatatan Perkawinan di Indonesia. Justicia Islam. 2017;14(1):71–86.
[4] Indonesia R. UU RI No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Indonesia, 1974.
[5] Hamzani AI. Nasab Anak Luar Kawin Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010. Konstitusi. 2015;12(1):59.
[6] Hashim FY, Che Ngah A, Yahya MA, Mohd Shariff AA. M. A. dkk Hashim, Fatimah Yusro., Ngah, Anisah Che., Yahya, “Penentuan Nasab melalui Prinsip Undangundang Keterangan Islam (Determination of Legitimacy through the Principles of Islamic Evidence Law),” [Penentuan.]. J Law Soc. 2021;28(2021):57–66.
[7] Rosidah ZN. Implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 46 / PUU-VIII / 2010 Tentang Hak Perdata Anak Luar Kawin di Pengadilan Negeri dan Pengadilan Agama Surakarta. Al-Ahkam. 2017;2(2):177.
[8] Anggito J. Albi., Setiawan, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Sukabumi: CV Jejak; 2018.
[9] Salim, Pengantar Hukum Perdata Tertulis (BW). 5th ed. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika; 2008.
[10] Anggraeni EJ. “TINJAUAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA TERHADAP KEKERASAN PEREMPUAN DALAM PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN (OVERVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS AGAINST WOMEN’S VIOLENCE IN LEGAL REGULATIONS),” J. Huk. dan Hak Asasi Mns., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 27–38, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.57123/wicarana.v2i1.28..
[11] Darmabrata W. Marriage and Family Law in Indonesia. Jakarta: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia; 2015.
[12] Prawirohamidjojo S. Pluralism in Marriage Legislation in Indonesia. Surabaya: Airlangga Universiti Press; 1988.
[13] Witanto D. Hukum Keluarga dan Kedudukan Anak Luar Biasa Pasca Keluarnya Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Terhadap Uji Materi UU Perkawinan. Jakarta: Prestasi Pustakarya; 2012.
[14] Prawirohamidjojo RS. Kodifikasi Hukum Waris. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press; 2000.
[15] Hadikusuma H. Hukum Perkawinan Indonesia Menurut Perundang-undangan dan Hukum Adat. Bandung: Mandar Maju; 2007.
[16] Republik I. “Putusan Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010,” 46, 2010 [Online]. Available: https://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/putusan_46-puu-viii- 2010_(perkawinan).pdf
[17] Indonesia R. UU RI Nomor 32 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak. Indonesia, 2002. [Online]. Available: https://jdihn.go.id/files/4/2002uu023.pdf
[18] MA RI, “Putusan 138/Pdt.P. PA. Bjn. 2017;138:2017.
[19] Republik I. Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Indonesia: KHI; 1988.
[20] Kementerian Agama R. Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya. Jatinegara-Jakarta: CV Darus Sunnah, 2002.
[21] Djubaidah N. Pencatatan Perkawinan dan Perkawinan Tidak Tercatat Menurut Hukum Tertulis di Indonesia dan Hukum Islam. Jakarta: SINAR GRAFIKA; 2010.
[22] Zuhaili W. Fiqh Imam Syafi’i Membahas Masalah Fiqh Berdasarkan Al-Qur’an dan Hadits. Jakarta: Al-Mahira; 2012.
[23] Widiana W. Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia, Direktorat Pembinaan Lembaga Peradilan Agama Islam, Direktorat Jenderal Pembinaan Lembaga Keagamaan Islam. Jakarta: Departemen Agama RI; 2001.
[24] Rofiq A. Fiqh Mawaris, Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada; 2001.
[25] Al Albani A. Muhammad Nashiruddin, DAUD, Shahih sunan Abu Daud Jilid 1. Pustaka Azzam, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://opac.iainkediri.ac.id/opac/index.php?p=show_detail&id=20595
[26] MUI. Majelis Ulama Indonesia Keluarkan Fatwa. Jakarta, Indonesia: Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia; 2012.
[27] A. A. bin B. Al-Khalafi, Hukum Islam. Jakarta: Pustaka Assunah; 2006.
[28] Team NA. Hukum Islam Meliputi Perkawinan, Warisan, dan Wakaf. Bandung: Nuansa Aulia; 2012.
[29] Nuruddin AA. Perkembangan Hukum Islam di Indonesia dari Fikih dan Hukum 1974 sampai Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group; 2006.