The Role of Democracy in Reinforcing Sustainable Development and SDGs Achievements: Evidence from 3 Muslim Countries in Southeast Asia
Abstract
Climate change is considered to be the most serious challenge to global development, with its widespread, unanticipated consequences disproportionately affecting the poorest and most vulnerable. Immediate action to curb climate change and deal with its repercussions is crucial in achieving all the SDGs. Southeast Asia is one region that is particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change. Policymakers began to take an action, as the consequences of environmental issues and climate change became more severe. Key environmental regulations, such as framework laws, safeguard measures, and air and water quality standards, have been implemented throughout the region. Muslim democratic countries differ systematically both in the degree of Islamic political party concentration in the parliament and in the party discipline. Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and Malaysia have very different political systems, ranging from absolute monarchy, in which the Sultan of Brunei Darussalam rules almost every aspect of society’s life, to democratic deficit in Indonesia, in which the government’s methods or operations fall short for satisfying democratic norms. Although the three Muslim countries share divergences in democracy state, but the countries’ sustainable development policies and overall SDGs score of realization remain similar during the period of 2001-2021.
Keywords: Islam, Democracy, Sustainable Development, SDGs, Southeast Asia.
References
[1] United Nations. Climate change - United Nations Sustainable Development [Internet]. United Nations. 2016. Available from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/
[2] Swasana Ramadhan D, Anshori A, Iswati S, Herianingrum S. Analysis of the disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions and environmental performance in listed firms at Jakarta Islamic Index ( JII) [Internet]. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference Postgraduate School Universitas Airlangga : “Implementation of Climate Change Agreement to Meet Sustainable Development Goals” (ICPSUAS 2017). Atlantis Press; 2018. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpsuas-17.2018.9
[3] Seah S, Martinus M, Jiahui Q. The Southeast Asia Climate Outlook : 2021 Survey Report. 2021;1–40. Available from: www.iseas.edu.sg
[4] Hiebert M. Security challenges of climate change in Southeast. Cent Strateg Int Stud. 2021;1–4.
[5] Dinc Y, Saiti B. Management of Islamic finance: Principle, practice, and performance. Vol. 19, Emerald. Emerald Group Publishing; 2018. p. 175–187.
[6] Güngör H, Olanipekun IO, Usman O. Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of energy consumption and democratic accountability. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021;28(2):1464–1478.
[7] Vanegas Cantarero MM. Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2020;70:101716.
[8] Bayulgen O. Localizing the energy transition: Town-level political and socioeconomic drivers of clean energy in the United States. Energy Res Soc Sci [Internet]. 2020 Apr;62:101376. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S221462961930101X
[9] Chen C, Pinar M, Stengos T. Determinants of renewable energy consumption: Importance of democratic institutions. Renew Energy [Internet]. 2021 Dec;179:75– 83. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960148121010351
[10] Bayulgen O, Ladewig JW. Vetoing the future: Political constraints and renewable energy. Env Polit [Internet]. 2017 Jan 2;26(1):49–70. Available from: https://www. tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09644016.2016.1223189
[11] UNDP. Sustainable development goals | United Nations Development Programme [Internet]. United Nations Development Program. Available from: https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals
[12] Böhm S, Sullivan S. Negotiating climate change in crisis. Negotiating climate change in crisis. Open Book Publishers; 2021.
[13] Spierings N. The influence of Islamic orientations on democratic support and tolerance in five arab countries. Polit Relig [Internet]. 2014 Dec 24;7(4):706–733. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1755048314000479/ type/journal_article
[14] Swaminathan MS, Kesavan PC. Achieving the sustainable development goals [Internet]. Vol. 110, Current Science. IGI Global; 2016. p. 127–128. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6811-8.ch018
[15] Göktaş V, Chowdury SRH. The role of sustainable development goals on environmental sustainability: A discourse from an Islamic perspective ; Sürdürülebilir Kalkinma Ortaminin Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Hedefleri: Islami Bir Perspektiften Bir Söylem. 2019; Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/45617/575432
[16] Ștefanachi B, Grecu S-P, Chiriac HC. Mapping sustainability across the World: Signs, challenges and opportunities for democratic countries. Sustainability [Internet]. 2022 May 7;14(9):5659. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/9/5659
[17] Boutros-ghali B, Badinter R, Bennouna M, Talal BB, Charfi M, Cornillon P, et al. The interaction between democracy and development. Development. 2002;400.
[18] Ardito-Barletta N. Democracy and development. Wash Q [Internet]. 1990 Sep;13(3):165–175. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01636609009445401
[19] Bowen GA. Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qual Res J. 2009;9(2):27–40.
[20] Yin RK. Validity and generalization in future case study evaluations. Evaluation. 2013;19(3):321–332.
[21] Publications [Internet]. Available from: https://www.democracymatrix.com/ publications
[22] Levinson R. Science education and democratic participation: An uneasy congruence? Stud Sci Educ. 2010;46(1):69–119.
[23] Carothers C. The surprising instability of competitive authoritarianism. J Democr. 2018;29(4):129–135.
[24] Khalid H. Sustainable development goals in South-East Asian countries | United Nations Development Programme [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://www.undp.org/malaysia/blog/sustainable-development-goals-south-eastasian- countries
[25] Sachs J, Kroll C, Lafortune G, Fuller G, Woelm F. Sustainable development report 2022 [Internet]. Sustainable Development Report 2022. 2022. Available from: https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/rankings
[26] Committee ISSLSS. Annual Report 2020-2021: Social science libraries section. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA); 2020.
[27] Harmeling, D. Eckstein S. Global climate risk Index 2013. Bonn Ger [Internet]. 2013; Available from: http://cambioclimaticohn.org/uploaded/content/article/303643999. pdf
[28] ERIA B, Coorperation C. Brunei Darussalam: Shifting to a hydrogen society-list of figures-tables. 2020.
[29] IESR. Indonesia energy transition Outlook 2021: Tracking progress of energy transition in Indonesia. Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR). Jakarta: Institute for Essential Services Reform; 2021. p. 1–93.