[1] Wu X, Vivien, DOng Y, Chi Y, Yu M, Wang W. Traditional Chinese Medicine as a complementary therapy in combat with COVID-19—A review of evidence-based research and clinical practice. J Adv Nurs. 2021;77(4):1635–1644.

[2] Ang L, Song E, Lee HW, Lee MS. Herbal medicine for the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):1583.

[3] Vellingiri B, Jayaramayya K, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Govindasamy V, Giridharan B, et al. COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic. Sci Total Environ.2020;725:138277. [Internet]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138277

[4] Takayama S, Kashima M, Namiki T, Ito T, Ono R, Arita R, et al. Conventional and Kampo medicine in the treatment of mild to moderate COVID 19: A multicenter, retrospective observational study protocol by the integrative management in Japan for epidemic disease ( IMJEDI study Observation ). Tradit Kampo Med. 2021;8(1):106– 110.

[5] OAI Directorate. Indonesian traditional medicinal ingredients: Fiber Centhini, the Book of Spells and the Book of Tibb. 2016.

[6] Lonita, Hendra M, Hariani N. Types of traditional medicinal plants from the Dayak Kenyah Uma Baha Community in Kelay District, Berau Regency. Pro-Life. 2019 Nov;6(3):214-223. [Internet] Available from: http://ejournal.uki.ac.id/index.php/prolife/article/view/1255

[7] Falah F, Sayektiningsih T, Noorcahyati N. Diversity of Types and Utilization of Medicinal Plants by Communities Around the Mount Beratus Protected Forest, East Kalimantan. J Forest Researcher and Nature Conservation. 2013;10(1):1–18.

[8] Lesmana H, Alfianur A, Utami PA, Retnowati Y, Darni D. Traditional medicine in the Tidung community, Tarakan City: A qualitative study of local wisdom in the health sector. Medisains. 2018;16(1):31.

[9] Takoy DM, Linda R, Lovadi I. Medicinal Plants of the Dayak Seberuang Tribe in the Forest Area of Ensabang Village, Sepauk District, Sintang Regency. J Protobiont. 2015;2(3):122–128.

[10] Efremila. WE dan SL. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants by Ethnic Dayak Tribes in Kayu Tanam Village, Mandor District, Landak Regency. J Hutan Lestar 2015;3:234–246.

[11] Apal FU, Ariyanti NSRI, Walujo EKOB. Medicinal plant utilization by the Togutil Tribe in the Buffer Zone of Aketajawe Lolobata National Park. J Sumberd HAYATI. 2018;4(1):21–27.

[12] Nurlina. G. Studi Etnobotani & Etnofarmakologi Tumbuhan Obat Di Desa Cigunungsari Kecamatan Tegalwaru Kabupaten Karawang Jawa Barat. Pharma Xplore J Ilm Farm. 2019;4(1):260–267.

[13] Widyowati R, Agil M. Natural products chemistry of global tropical and subtropical plants chemical constituents and bioactivities of several Indonesian plants typically used in Jamu, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2018;66(5):506–518.

[14] Indonesian Ministry of Health. Good and right fresh herbal medicine making. Jakarta: Ministry of Health. 2015.

[15] Shalas AF, Khasanah U, Adianingsih OR, Raharjaa KR, Khansa N, Maula RA, et al. Ethnomedicine study of Tengger People of Ngadas Village in Malang, East Java, Indonesia: In Search of antimicrobial plants. J Young Pharm. 2021;13(2):97–106.

[16] Ratnawatia S, Kumbara A, Pudentia M, Kusuma W, Soriente A. The Indonesian Herbal Heritage Medicine during Covid-19 Pandemic. Rev Int Geogr Educ Online. 2021;11(4):1611–1620.

[17] Purwaningsih EH. Herbal medicine, original Indonesian traditional medicine use in Indonesia. eJournal Kedokt Indonesia. 2013;1(2):85–89.

[18] Andriati, Wahjudi RMT. The level of acceptance of the use of herbal medicine as an alternative to the use of modern medicine in low-middle and high-income communities. Cultural and Political Society. 2016;29(3):133.

[19] Leng J, Goldstein DR. Impact of aging on viral infections. Microbes Infect [Internet]. 2010;12(14–15):1120–1124. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.009

[20] Renshaw M, Rockwell J, Engleman C, Gewirtz A, Katz J, Sambhara S. Cutting edge: Impaired toll-like receptor expression and function in aging. J Immunol. 2002;169(9):4697–4701.

[21] Panda A, Qian F, Mohanty S, van Duin D, Newman FK, Zhang L, et al. Age-Associated Decrease in TLR Function in Primary Human Dendritic Cells Predicts Influenza Vaccine Response. J Immunol. 2010;184(5):2518–2527.

[22] Bahadoran A, Lee SH, Wang SM, Manikam R, Rajarajeswaran J, Raju CS, et al. Immune responses to influenza virus and its correlation to age and inherited factors. Front Microbiol. 2016;7(NOV):1–11.

[23] Wambier CG, Goren A, Ossimetha A, Nau G, Qureshi A. Androgendriven COVID-19 Pandemic Theory. SSRN Electron J. 2020. (April). doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21254.11848

[24] Mjaess G, Karam A, Aoun F, Albisinni S, Roumeguère T. COVID-19 and the male susceptibility: The role of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and the androgen receptor. Prog en Urol. 2020;30(10):484–487. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2020.05.007

[25] South AM, Diz DI, Chappell MC. COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences. Am J Physiol - Hear Circ Physiol. 2020;318(5):H1084–H1090.

[26] Ru-chong W. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(10):640.

[27] Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, Liu W, Wang MF, Ma JP, et al. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1025–1031.

[28] Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.

[29] Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus – infected pneumonia in Wuhan , China. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(11):1061-1069.

[30] Lanza K, Perez LG, Costa LB, Cordeiro TM, Palmeira VA, Ribeiro VT, et al. Covid-19: The renin-angiotensin system imbalance hypothesis. Clin Sci. 2020;134(11):1259– 1264.

[31] Lippi G, Wong J, Henry BM. Hypertension and its severity or mortality in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19): A pooled analysis. Polish Arch Intern Med. 2020;130(4):304–309.

[32] Kuster GM, Pfister O, Burkard T, Zhou Q, Twerenbold R, Haaf P, et al. SARS-CoV2: Should inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1801–1803.

[33] Chen Y, Gong X, Wang L, Guo J. Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on Covid-19 diseases severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv. 2020;280:1–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.20043133.

[34] Tikellis C, Thomas MC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key modulator of the renin angiotensin system in health and disease. Int J Pept. 2012:8. Article ID 256294. doi:10.1155/2012/256294

[35] Costa LB, Perez LG, Palmeira VA, Macedo e Cordeiro T, Ribeiro VT, Lanza K, et al. Insights on SARS-CoV-2 molecular interactions with the renin-angiotensin system. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8(September):1–13.

[36] Migue (Carmen De, Rudemiller l NP, Abais JM. Inflammation and hypertension: New understandings and potential therapeutic targets. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;17(1):507.

[37] Singh AK, Singh R. Does poor glucose control increase the severity and mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19? Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2020;14(5):725–727. doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.037

[38] Ferlita S, Yegiazaryan A, Noori N, Lal G, Nguyen T, To K, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and altered immune system leading to susceptibility to pathogens, especially mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Med. 2019;8(12).

[39] Carey IM, Critchley JA, Dewilde S, Harris T, Hosking FJ, Cook DG. Risk of infection in type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the general population: A matched cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(3):513–521.

[40] Zhou W, Ye S, Wang W, Li S, Hu Q, Masaki T. Clinical features of COVID- 19 patients with diabetes and secondary hyperglycemia. J Diabetes Res. 2020 Aug;2020:3918723.

[41] Maddaloni E, Buzzetti R. Covid-19 and diabetes mellitus: Unveiling the interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020 Mar;36(7):e33213321.

[42] Alizadehsani R, Eskandarian R, Behjati M, Zahmatkesh M, Roshanzamir M, Izadi NH, et al. Factors associated with mortality in hospitalized cardiovascular disease patients infected with COVID-19. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2022 Mar;10(3):e561.

[43] Li C, Jiang J, Wang F, Zhou N, Veronese G, Moslehi JJ, et al. Longitudinal correlation of biomarkers of cardiac injury, inflammation, and coagulation to outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2020;147(August):74–87. doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.. 08.008

[44] Azevedo RB, Botelho BG, Hollanda JV, Ferreira LV, Junqueira de Andrade LZ, Oei SS, et al. Covid-19 and the cardiovascular system: A comprehensive review. J Hum Hypertens. 2021 Jan;35(1):4–11.

[45] Omosa LK, Midiwo JO, Kuete V. Chapter 19 - Curcuma longa. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa. Elsevier Inc; 2017. pp. 425–435. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128092866000194

[46] Ismail A, Wan Ahmad WA. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp: A potential phytomedicine. Pharmacogn J. 2019;11(2):429–438.

[47] Sadikim RY, Sandhika W, Saputro ID. The effect of giving red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) on the number of macrophage cells and blood vessels in clean wounds of male mice (Mus musculus) (experimental research on experimental animals) (effect of red ginger [ Zingiber offic. J Berk Ilmu Kesehat Kulit dan Kelamin. 2018;30(2):121–127.

[48] Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZ, Rahmat A. Optimization protocol for the extraction of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol from Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade and improving antioxidant and anticancer activity using response surface methodology. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 Jul;15(1):258.

[49] Tanaka J. Anti-inflammatory properties of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) extract and suppression of nitric oxide production by its constituents. J Med Food. 2010;13(1):156–162.

[50] Suciyati SW, Adnyana IK. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe var rubrum): A review. Pharmacology. 2017;2:60–65.

[51] Gomes E, Bernardo J, Barbosa M, Andrade PB, Valentão P, Lopes G. Ethnopharmacological use of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng.: Anti-inflammatory potential of phenol-rich extracts. Porto Biomed J. 2017;2(5):216-217.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbj.2017.07.099

[52] Rahman MM. Efficient plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from leaf base-derived callus of Kaempferia galanga L. Asian J Plant Sci. 2004;3(6):675–678.

[53] Sulaiman MR, Zakaria ZA, Daud IA, Ng FN, Ng YC, Hidayat MT. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves in animal models. J Nat Med. 2008 Apr;62(2):221–227.

[54] Elgendy EM, Ibrahim HS, Elmeherry HF, Sedki AG, Mekhemer FU. Chemical and biological comparative <i>in Vitro</i> studies of cinnamon bark and lemon peel essential oils. Food Nutr Sci. 2017;08(01):110–125.

[55] Singh N, Rao AS, Nandal A, Kumar S, Yadav SS, Ganaie SA, et al. Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Cinnamomum verum J. Presla versatile spice used in food and nutrition. Food Chem. 2020;127773: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127773.

[56] Ha MT, Vu NK, Tran TH, Kim JA, Woo MH, Min BS. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Myristica fragrans Houtt: an updated review. Arch Pharm Res. 2020 Nov;43(11):1067–92.

[57] Olajide OA, Ajayi FF, Ekhelar AI, Awe SO, Makinde JM, Alada AR. Biological effects of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) extract. Phytother Res. 1999 Jun;13(4):344–345.

[58] Dechayont B, Phuaklee P, Chunthorng-Orn J, Poomirat S, Juckmeta T, Phumlek K, et al. Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of the Wood of Myristica fragrans. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2020;26(1):49–60.

[59] Kapoor IP, Singh B, Singh G, De Heluani CS, De Lampasona MP, Catalan CA. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil and oleoresins of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) fruits. Int J Food Prop. 2013;16(5):1059–1070.

[60] Suralkar AA, Rodge KN, Kamble RD, Maske KS. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of tamarindus indica seeds. Int J Pharma Sci Drug. 2012;4(3):213– 217.

[61] Komakech R, Kim YG, Matsabisa GM, Kang Y. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of Tamarindus indica Linn. (Fabaceae): A narrative review. Integr Med Res. 2019 Sep;8(3):181–186.

[62] Kuru P. Tamarindus indica and its health related effects. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4(9):676–681.

[63] Ibrahim A, Arifuddin M, Cahyo PW, Widayat W, Bone M. Isolation, characterization and secondary metabolite endophytic fungal isolate from Peronema Canescens Jack Leaf and Coptosapelta Tomentosa Val. K. Heyne Root. J Trop Pharm Chem. 2019;4(5):215–225.

[64] Putranto AM. Examination of the Sungkai’s young leaf extract (Peronema Canescens) as an antipiretic, immunity, antiplasmodium and teratogenity in mice (Mus.muculus). Int J Sci Eng. 2014;7(1):30–34.

[65] Tewtrakul S, Tungcharoen P, Sudsai T, Karalai C, Ponglimanont C, Yodsaoue O. Antiinflammatory and wound healing effects of Caesalpinia sappan L. J Phyther Res. 2015;29(6):850–856.

[66] Suharti N, Lucida H, Husni E, Sedona O, Farmasi F, Andalas U. Karakterisasi dan Studi Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Etanol Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.). Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis. 2018;5(1):23–27.

[67] Chu MJ, Wang YZ, Itagaki K, Ma HX, Xin P, Zhou XG, et al. Identification of active compounds from Caesalpinia sappan L. extracts suppressing IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells by PLS. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Jun;148(1):37–44.

[68] Souissi M, Azelmat J, Chaieb K, Grenier D. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) extracts: Potential therapeutic benefits for periodontal infections. Anaerobe. 2020 Feb;61:102089.

[69] Batiha GE, Alkazmi LM, Wasef LG, Beshbishy AM, Nadwa EH, Rashwan EK. Syzygium aromaticum l. (myrtaceae): Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological activities. Biomolecules. 2020 Jan;10(2):1–17.

[70] Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZ. Profiling of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant and anticancer activities in pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) extracts from different locations of Malaysia. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013 Dec;13(341):341.

[71] Ooi LS, Sun SS, Ooi VE. Purification and characterization of a new antiviral protein from the leaves of Pandanus amaryllifolius (Pandanaceae). Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Aug;36(8):1440–1446.

[72] Benmalek Y, Yahia OA, Belkebir A, Fardeau ML. Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities of Illicium verum, Crataegus oxyacantha ssp monogyna and Allium cepa red and white varieties. Bioengineered. 2013;4(4):244–248.

[73] Padmashree A, Roopa N, Semwal AD, Sharma GK, Agathian G, Bawa AS. Star-anise (Illicium verum) and black caraway (Carum nigrum) as natural antioxidants. Food Chem. 2007;104(1):59–66.

[74] Patra JK, Das G, Bose S, Banerjee S, Vishnuprasad CN, Del Pilar Rodriguez-Torres M, et al. Star anise (Illicium verum): chemical compounds, antiviral properties, and clinical relevance. Phytother Res. 2020 Jun;34(6):1248–1267.

[75] Sung YY, Kim YS, Kim HK. Illicium verum extract inhibits TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced expression of chemokines and cytokines in human keratinocytes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Oct;144(1):182–189.

[76] Kim MB, Kim C, Song Y, Hwang JK. Antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects of standardized Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Extract and its active compound xanthorrhizol in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:205915.

[77] Widyastuti I, Luthfah HZ, Hartono YI, Islamadina R, Can AT, Rohman A. Antioxidant Activity of Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) and its Classification with Chemometrics. Indones J Chemom Pharm Anal. 2020;02(1):29.

[78] Wahyuni TS, Permanasari AA, Widyawaruyanti A, Hotta H, Aoki-Utsubo C, Hafid AF. Antiviral activity of indonesian medicinal plants against hepatitis B virus. Pharmacogn J. 2020;12(5):1108–1114.

[79] Sirirugsa P. Thai Zingiberaceae : Species diversity and their uses. Pure Appl Chem. 1999;70(11):23–27.

[80] Kumar G, Karthik L, Bhaskara Rao KV. A Review on pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae). J Pharm Res. 2011;4(9):2963–2966.