Transformational Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the COVID-19 Era: Mediating Analysis
Abstract
Human resources (HR) is an essential aspect of an organization and requires good governance. The COVID-19 outbreak that has affected the entire world has provided organizational learning in human resource management. This study examines the relationship between transformational leadership (TL) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mediated by job satisfaction ( JS). A quantitative design was used to test models and hypotheses. The study sample included 116 professional-level employees representing team members from the marketing, accounting, human resources department, and operations departments of 35 wedding organizers operating in DIY. Data were analyzed using least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that TL has a positive effect on JS OCB. JS has no direct impact on OCB and is unable to mediate the relationship between TL and OCB. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical findings that TL is a significant predictor of OCB, and also a predictor of JS.
Keywords: transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior
References
[1] Barnard CI. The functions of the executive. Harvard University Press; Cambridge, Massachusetts; 1968.
[2] Bass BM, Bass R. The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. Simon and Schuster; New York; 2009.
[3] Bass BM, Waldman DA, Avolio BJ, Bebb M. Transformational leadership and the falling dominoes effect. Group & Organization Studies. 1987;12(1):73-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118701200106
[4] Blau PM. Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1964. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203792643
[5] Carnevale JB, Hatak I. Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID- 19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research. 2020;116:183-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
[6] Chahal H, Mehta S. Antecedents and consequences of organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB): A conceptual framework in reference to health care sector. Journal of Services Research. 2010;10(2):25.
[7] H. Chahal and S. Mehta, “ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ORGANISATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR (OCB): A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN REFERENCE TO HEALTH CARE SECTOR.,” Journal of Services Research. vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 25–44, 2010.
[8] D.W. Organ, The Roots of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2016
[9] K. Dartey-Baah and S.A. Addo, “Psychological identification with job: a leadership- OCB mediator.,” International Journal of Organizational Analysis. vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 548–565, 2019.
[10] Dartey-Baah K, Amponsah-Tawiah K, Sekyere-Abankwa V. Leadership and organisational culture: Relevance in public sector organisations in Ghana. Business and Management Review. 2011;1(4):59-65.
[11] C. Fornell and D.F. Larcker, “Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics.,” Journal of Marketing Research. vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 382–388, 1981.
[12] Yukl G. Leadership in organizations. 8th ed. New York: Pearson; 2013.
[13] Hair Jr JF, Howard MC, Nitzl C. Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research. 2020;109:101- 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
[14] S.H. Han, G. Seo, S.W. Yoon, and D.-Y. Yoon, “Transformational leadership and knowledge sharing.,” Journal of Workplace Learning. vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 130–149, 2016.
[15] S.-H. Han, D.-Y. Yoon, B. Suh, B. Li, and C. Chae, “Organizational support on knowledge sharing: a moderated mediation model of job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior.,” Journal of Knowledge Management. vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 687–704, 2019.
[16] A. Hassi, “‘You get what you appreciate,.”’ International Journal of Organizational Analysis. vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 786–811, 2019.
[17] Humphrey A. Transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors: The role of organizational identification. The Psychologist-Manager Journal. 2012;15(4):247-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10887156.2012.731831
[18] S. Rao and T.J. Goldsby, “Supply chain risks: a review and typology.,” The International Journal of Logistics Management. vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 97–123, 2009.
[19] R.-H. Kao, “The relationship between work characteristics and change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior.,” Personnel Review. vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 1890– 1914, 2017.
[20] Khalili A. Transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating role of emotional intelligence. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 2017;38(7):1004–1015. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2016-0269
[21] Locke EA. What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 1969;4(4):309-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.368
[22] M. Eliophotou Menon, “The relationship between transformational leadership, perceived leader effectiveness and teachers’ job satisfaction,.” Journal of Educational Administration. vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 509–528, 2014.
[23] Podsakoff NP, Podsakoff PM, MackeNzie SB, Myaness TD, Spoelma TM. Consequences of unitlevel organizational citizenship behaviors: A review and recommendations for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2014;35(S1):S87-119. https://doi.org/10.1002/job
[24] C. Nohe and G. Hertel, “Transformational Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Test of Underlying Mechanisms.,” Frontiers in Psychology. vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2017.
[25] Organ DW, Lingl A. Personality, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1995;135(3):339-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1995.9713963
[26] Organ DW. Organizational citizenship behavior: It’s construct clean-up time. Human Performance. 1997;10(2):85-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22031-X
[27] Organ DW. Organizational citizenship behavior: Recent trends and developments. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2018;80:295-306. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104536
[28] L. Pattanayak, L.K. Jena, and K. Sahoo, “Leadership at Godrej: a treasured heirloom transformed into a valuable brand.,” Vilakshan - XIMB Journal of Management. vol. 17, no. 1/2, pp. 153–171, 2020.
[29] R.J. Pio and J.R.E. Tampi, “The influence of spiritual leadership on quality of work life, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior.,” International Journal of Law and Management. vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 757–767, 2018.
[30] N.P. Podsakoff, E.W. Morrison, and T.M. Martinez, The Role of a Good Soldier: A Review of Research on Organizational Citizenship Behavior Role Perceptions and Recommendations for the Future Research. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2017.
[31] Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Moorman RH, Fetter R. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The leadership quarterly. 1990;1(2):107-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.07.085
[32] Rose K. Examining organizational citizenship behavior in the context of human resource development: An integrative review of the literature. Human Resource Development Review. 2016;15(3):295-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316655 668
[33] Robbins SP, Judge TA. Organizational behavior. 15th ed. London, UK, Pearson; 2013.
[34] N. Sawalha, Y. Kathawala, and I. Magableh, “Educator organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction moderation in the GCC expatriate-dominated market.,” International Journal of Organizational Analysis. vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 19–35, 2019.
[35] H.B. Singhry, “Perceptions of leader transformational justice and job satisfaction in public organizations.,” International Journal of Public Leadership. vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 80–95, 2018.
[36] P.E. Spector, “Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey.,” American Journal of Community Psychology. vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 693–713, 1985.
[37] S. Sumarmi and H.K. Tjahjono, “Organizational citizenship behavior as antecedents and outcome in era technology.,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series. vol. 1823, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2021.
[38] Bateman TS, Organ DW. Austrian activist discusses capitalistic failure. Academy of Management Journal. 1983;26(4):587–595.
[39] E.E. Udofia, B.O. Adejare, G.O. Olaore, and E.E. Udofia, “Supply disruption in the wake of COVID-19 crisis and organisational performance: mediated by organisational productivity and customer satisfaction.,” Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences. vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 319–338, 2021.
[40] V. Maharani, S. Surachman, S. Sumiati, and A. Sudiro, “The Effect of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior Mediated by Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment (Study at Islamic Bank in Malang Raya).,” International Journal Of Economic Research. vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 213–226, 2017.
[41] Williams LJ, Anderson SE. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management. 1991;17(3):601-17.
[42] Yammarino FJ, Dubinsky AJ. Transformational leadership theory: Using levels of analysis to determine boundary conditions. Personnel Psychology. 1994;47(4):787- 811. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01576.x