Factors Related to the Incidence of Hypertension Among Prospective Pilgrims in Medan, Indonesia During Embarkation Period 2016
Abstract
Hypertension is a silent, invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms. This study was designed to determine the predominant risk factors of hypertension among prospective pilgrims in Medan, Indonesia during embarkation period 2016 that took time less than 24 hours. Study of possible risk factors for hypertension conduct in Medan,
Indonesia during embarkation period using secondary data obtained from Integrated Computerized Hajj Health System. Secondary data collected from involved a total 6.597 prospective pilgrims as the eligible subject. The incidence of hypertension among prospective pilgrims in Medan, Indonesia (26.2%) is higher than its prevalence (25.8%) and in North Sumatera (24.7%). Chi-Square bivariate analysis with Odds Ratio resulted in the incidence of hypertension related to age, gender, education, work, diabetes mellitus, and overweight/obesity. Logistic regression analysis exhibited diabetes Mellitus disease (OR=1.918 [95% CI: 1.613-2.280] p=0.001) as the predominant risk factor of hypertension after being controlled by age, overweight/obesity, gender, education,
and work. These results indicated that optimal strategy needed to reduce modifiable risk factors of hypertension by carrying out the medical examination for prospective pilgrims earlier than nowadays, e.g., 1-2 years before embarkation period since the results expected of behavior changes to prevention and control of hypertension. Health officer should pay more attention to those with age ≥60 and diabetes melitus to prevent
the incidence of hypertension in Arab Saudi.
Keywords: hypertension, Integrated Computerized Hajj Health System, risk factor,
odds ratio.
References
[1] Kemenkes RI. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 May 9]. Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/index.php?vw=2&id=TugasFungsi
[2] Kemenkes RI. Infodatin: Situasi Kesehatan Jantung [Internet]. Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Jakarta; 2014. Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/download.php?file=download/ pusdatin/infodatin/infodatin-jantung.pdf
[3] WHO. Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control [Internet]. Shanthi Mendis PP and BN, editor. Geneva: WHO; 2011. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/ 9789241564373_eng.pdf
[4] Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Health Statistic Annual Book, 1433 H [Internet]. 2012. Available from: http: //www.moh.gov.sa/en/ministry/statistics/book/documents/1433.pdf
[5] Kemenkes RI. Infodatin: Situasi Kesehatan Jamaah Haji Indonesia [Internet]. Jakarta; 2015. Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/infodatin/Infodatin-Haji-2015.pdf
[6] KKP Medan. Laporan Penyelenggaraan Kesehatan Haji Ppih Bidang Kesehatan Embarkasi Medan Tahun 1437H/2016M. Medan; 2016.
[7] WHO. World Health Day: High Blood Pressure Global and Regional Overview. 2013 [cited 2017 May 9]; Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/entity/world_health_day/leaflet_burden_hbp_whd2013.pdf
[8] Kemenkes RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013 [Internet]. Jakarta; 2013 [cited 2017 Apr 6]. Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/general/HasilRiskesdas2013.pdf
[9] Lawes CMM, Hoorn SV a. n. d. e. r., Law MR. High blood pressure. 2004 [cited 2017 May 14]; Available from: https://www.templateroller.com/template/1895971/understanding-and-managing-highblood-pressure american-heart-association-american-stroke-association.html
[10] Rapport RS. Hypertension. Silent killer. N J Med [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2017 May 14];96:41–3. Available from: http://www.fph.org.uk/uploads/bs_hypertension.pdf
[11] WHO. A Global Brief on Hypertension. A Glob Br Hypertens [Internet]. 2013;40. Available from: http: //ish-world.com/downloads/pdf/global_brief_hypertension.pdf
[12] Ree Tee S, Yun Teoh X, Abdul Rahman Wan Mohd Aiman W, Aiful A, Siu Yee Har C, Fu Tan Z, et al. The Prevalence Of Hypertension And Its Associated Risk Factors In Two Rural Communities In Penang, Malaysia. IeJSME [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 May 14];4(2):27–40. Available from: http://web.imu.edu.my/ ejournal/approved/5.Original_TanSyerRee.pdf
[13] Amu DA. Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Peminatan Epidemiologi Program Studi Kesehatan Masyarakat [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 May 9]. Available from: http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/
bitstream/123456789/28885/1/DINAADLINAAMU-FKIK.pdf
[14] Nishimura R, LaPorte RE, Dorman JS, Tajima N, Becker D, Orchard TJ. Mortality Trends in Type 1 Diabetes: The Allegheny County (Pennsylvania) Registry 1965-1999. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2001 May [cited 2017 May 15];24(5):823–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11347737
[15] Colhoun HM, Dong W, Barakat MT, Mather HM, Poulter NR. The scope for cardiovascular disease risk factor intervention among people with diabetes mellitus in England: a population-based analysis from the Health Surveys for England 1991-94. Diabet Med [Internet]. 1999 Jan [cited 2017 May 15];16(1):35–40. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00017.x
[16] Maryon-Davis A, Press V. Easing the pressure: tackling hypertension. Fac Public Heal [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2017 May 15];12. Available from: http://www.fph.org.uk/uploads/hypertension_all.pdf
[17] Rahajeng E, Tuminah S, Penelitian P, Dan B, Badan F, Kesehatan P. Prevalensi Hipertensi dan Determinannya di Indonesia Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Determinants in Indonesia. Artik Penelit Maj Kedokt Indon [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 May 9];59–12. Available from: http://egiwidiyaoktora201432049.weblog.esaunggul.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/4896/2015/ 09/700-760-1-PB.pdf
[18] World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. World Health [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 May 15];176. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/ 9789240686458_eng.pdf
[19] Feryadi R, Sulastri D, Kadri H. Hubungan Kadar Profil Lipid Dengan Kejadian Hipertensi pada Masyarakat Etnik Minangkabau di Kota Padang Tahun 2012. J Kesehat Andalas. 2014;3(2):206–11.
[20] Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 May 15]. Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/article/view/16111600003/ pemerintah-canangkan-gerakan-masyarakat-hidup-sehat-germas-.html
[21] Kemenkes RI. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 15 Tahun 2016 tentang Istithaah
Kesehatan Jemaah Haji. 2016.