A Systematic Review: Prevention of Japanese encephalitis in Asia
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis ( JE) is one of the vector-borne diseases caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus, through the Culex tritaeniorrhynchus mosquito bites. Pigs and birds are the main reservoirs of JE viruses. JE is an important cause of encephalitis in most of Asia, with high case fatality rates and often significant neurologic sequelae among survivors. This study aimed to describe the prevention of JE in some countries in Asia. This study is a systematic review of 29 studies in Asia conducted in 2010 - 2017. It found that the most prevalent of JE prevention program in Asia is vaccination. It was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to integrate JE vaccinations in national immunization programs and to prioritize in endemic areas. Some countries have well established or developing JE vaccination programs; those are Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. While some other countries in Asia have minimal or no JE vaccination programs, that are Bangladesh, Philippines, and Indonesia. JE prevention measures in some countries in Asia are the establishment of guidelines and service improvements, diseases and vectors/hosts surveillance, implementation of immunization programs, local vector control, education, and health promotion campaigns, and community engagement and environmental management that should focus on high-risk areas. The incidence of JE is decreased significantly in countries that have implemented JE vaccination programs.
Keywords: Japanese encephalitis, prevention, Asia
References
[1] Garjito TA, Widiarti, Handayani F, Johanna AS. Virus JE dan Masalahnya di Indonesia. Salatiga: UKSW; 2014.
[2] Pusponegoro H, Valley M. Pedoman Imunisasi di Indonesia. Kelima. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia; 2014.
[3] Hills S, Marfin A, Fischer M. Control of Japanese Encephalitis in Asia: The Time is Now. Inf Heal Care. 2014;12(October 2013):901–4.
[4] Chen HL, Chang JK, Tang R Bin. Current recommendations for the Japanese encephalitis vaccine. J Chinese Med Assoc [Internet]. 2015;78(5):271–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2014. 12.009
[5] Sendow I. Perkembangan Japanese Encephalitis di Indonesia. Wartazoa. 2005;15.
[6] Rampengan NH, Ilmu B, Anak K, Kedokteran F, Sam U, Manado R. Japanese encephalitis. J Biomedik. 2016;8
[7] Campbell GL, Hills SL, Fischer M, Jacobson JA, Hoke CH, Hombach JM, et al. Estimated Global Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis: A Systematic Review. Bull World Heal Organ. 2011;(December 2010):766–74.
[8] Lopez AL, Aldaba JG, Roque VG, Tandoc AO, Sy AK, Espino FE, et al. Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in the Philippines: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(3):1–18.
[9] Boland AM, Cherry MG, Dickson R. Doing a Systematic Review: A Student’s Guide - Google Books [Internet]. British: British Library; 2014 [cited 2017 May 17]. Available from: https: //books.google.co.id/books id=sfGVAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=systematic+review&hl= en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=systematicreview&f=false
[10] Dila K. Telaah Kritis Artikel Review Sistematik Dan Meta Analisis [Internet]. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana. 2012. Available from: http://files.figshare.com/101123/ TELAAH_KRITIS_ARTIKEL_REVIEW_SISTEMATIK_DAN_META_ANALISIS.pdf
[11] Khan SU, Salje H, Hannan A, Islam MA, Bhuyan AAM, Islam MA, et al. Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis
Virus Transmission among Pigs in Northwest Bangladesh and the Potential Impact of Pig Vaccination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(9).
[12] Touch S, Suraratdecha C, Samnang C, Heng S, Gazley L, Huch C, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Cambodia. Vaccine [Internet]. 2010;28(29):4593–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.086
[13] Cappelle J, Duong V, Pring L, Kong L, Yakovleff M, Prasetyo DB, et al. Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis.
2016;10(12):1–15.
[14] Wang LY, Zhang WY, Ding F, Hu WB, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Sun HL, et al. Spatiotemporal Patterns of Japanese Encephalitis in China, 2002-2010. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(6):2002–10.
[15] Li X, Gao X, Ren Z, Cao Y, Wang J, Liang G. A Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Japanese Encephalitis in Mainland China , 1963 – 1975: A Period without Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination. PLoS One. 2014;9(6).
[16] Gao X, Li X, Li M, Fu S, Wang H, Lu Z, et al. Vaccine Strategies for the Control and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis in Mainland China, 1951–2011. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(8).
[17] Li X, Cui S, Gao X, Wang H, Song M, Li M, et al. The Spatio-temporal Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis
Cases in Different Age Groups in Mainland China, 2004 – 2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(4):2004–14.
[18] Borah J, Dutta P, Khan S a, Mahanta J. Epidemiological Concordance of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection among Mosquito Vectors, Amplifying Hosts and Humans in India. Epidemiol Infect [Internet]. 2013;141(1):74–80. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361257
[19] Kumari R, Joshi PL. A Review of Japanese Encephalitis in Uttar Pradesh, India. WHO South-East Asia J Public Heal. 2012;1(4):374–95.
[20] Tiwari S, Singh RK, Tiwari R, Dhole TN. Japanese Encephalitis: A Review of The Indian Perspective. Brazilian J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2012;16(6):564–73. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012. 10.004
[21] Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Combating Japanese encephalitis: Vero-cell derived inactivated vaccines and the situation in Japan. Future Virol. 2010;5:785–99.
[22] Hsu L, Chen Y, Hsu F, Huang J, Chang C, Chou P, et al. The Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in Taiwan — A Population-Based Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7).
[23] Chang Y, Chang H, Wu H, Chen K. Epidemiological Features of Japanese Encephalitis in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96(670):382–8.
[24] Seo H, Kim HC, Klein TA, Ramey AM, Lee J, Kyung S, et al. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Mosquitoes during a 2010 Outbreak in the Republic of Korea. 2013;8(2):1–12.
[25] Lee EJ, Cha GW, Ju YR, Han MG, Lee WJ, Jeong YE. Prevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies to Japanese
Encephalitis Virus among High-Risk Age Groups in South Korea, 2010. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):1–14.
[26] Impoinvil DE, Ooi MH, Diggle PJ, Caminade C, Cardosa MJ, Morse AP, et al. The Effect of Vaccination Coverage and Climate on Japanese Encephalitis in Sarawak, Malaysia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(8):1– 10.
[27] Impoinvil DE, Solomon T, Schluter WW, Rayamajhi A, Bichha RP, Shakya G, et al. The Spatial Heterogeneity between Japanese Encephalitis Incidence Distribution and Environmental Variables in Nepal. PLoS One. 2011;6(7).
[28] Access O, Ghimire S, Dhakal S, Hygiene F, Animal F, State TO. Japanese Encephalitis: Challenges and Intervention Opportunities in Nepal. Vet World. 2015;8:15–7.
[29] Jeewandara C, Gomes L, Paranavitane SA, Tantirimudalige M. Change in Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Seroprevalence Rates in Sri Lanka. PLoS One. 2015;244:1–13.
[30] Anderson KB, Gibbons R V, Thomas SJ, Rothman AL, Nisalak A, Berkelman RL, et al. Preexisting Japanese Encephalitis Virus Neutralizing Antibodies and Increased Symptomatic Dengue Illness in a School-Based Cohort in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(10)
[31] Marks F, Thu T, Nguyen Y, Tran ND, Nguyen MH, Vu HH, et al. Effectiveness of the Viet Nam Produced
, Mouse Brain- Derived , Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Northern Viet Nam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(12):1–5.
[32] Hadisoemarto PF, Reich MR, Castro MC. Introduction of Pentavalent Vaccine in Indonesia: A Policy Analysis. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(8):1079–88.
[33] Gunardi H, Kartasasmita CB, Hadinegoro SRS, Satari HI, Oswari H, Pusponegoro HD, et al. Jadwal Imunisasi Anak Usia 0 – 18 Tahun Rekomendasi Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia 2017. Sari Pediatr. 2017;18(5):417–22.
[34] Rothenberg C. Estimating the Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in Divisions of Bangladesh Craig Rothenberg Yale School of Public Health Division: Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Class of 2014. 2014;
[35] Ahmad A, Khan MU, Gogoi LJ, Kalita M, Sikdar AP, Pandey S, et al. Japanese Encephalitis in Assam, India: Need to Increase Healthcare Workers’ Understanding to Improve Health Care. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):1– 12.
[36] Kumar Pant D, Tenzin T, Chand R, Kumar Sharma B, Raj Bist P. Spatio-temporal Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal, 2007-2015. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017;12(7):2007–15. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180591
[37] De DA, M.R.N. A, A.R. W, P.R. W. A Cohort Event Monitoring to Determine the Adverse Events Following Administration of Mouse Brain Derived, Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in An Endemic District in Sri Lanka. Vaccine [Internet]. 2014;32(8):924–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. vaccine.2013.12.047
[38] Wang H, Liang G. Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis: Past, Present, and Future Prospects. Dove Press J. 2015;435–4