Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Transparent Solid Soap Combination of Secang Ethanolic Extract and Clove Bud Oil Against Skin Disease Bacteria
Abstract
Secang wood ethanolic extract and clove bud oil have antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The formulation of both in transparent bath soap is additional protection for the body. This study formulated soaps and determined their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Soap was made using the hot process and the antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion. The soap formulas F0 (as the base), F1 (3% clove bud oil), and F2 (a combination of 3% clove bud oil and 0.5% sappan wood ethanolic extract) have good appearance and quality including pH, foam stability, free alkali, unsaponifiable fat, and mineral oil content. The water content in the soap is >15%. The inhibitory diameter values of the soap (F0, F1, and F2) against S. aureus, P. acnes, and P. aeruginosa were in the moderate to strong category. Based on the contact time test of 90 seconds, F0 cannot kill bacteria; F1 can kill Staphylococcus aureus Propionibacterium acnes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; F2 killed Staphylococcus aureus in 90 seconds and Propionibacterium acnes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 60 seconds.
Keywords: soap, clove bud oil, secang, antibacterial
References
[1] Azizah M, Lingga LS, Rikmasari Y. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Seledri (Apium graviolens L.) Dan Madu Hutan Terhadap Beberapa Bakteri Penyebab Penyakit Kulit. Jurnal Penelitian Sains. 2020;22(1):37–44.
[2] Cogen AL, Nizet V, Gallo RL. Skin microbiota: a source of disease or defence? Br J Dermatol. 2008 Mar;158(3):442–55.
[3] Puspawati NM. Natl. Symp. Dermatology Venerol.; 2016. pp. 31–50.
[4] Hwang DH, Lee DY, Koh PO, Yang HR, Kang C, Kim E. Rosa davurica Pall. Improves Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Ear Edema Model and Suppresses Pro-Inflammatory Chemokine Production via MAPK and NF- κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(5):1717.
[5] Kuo SH, Shen CJ, Shen CF, Cheng CM. Role of pH Value in Clinically Relevant Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10(2):107.
[6] Adirestuti P, Puspadewi R, Mardatillah A, Anggita D, Helena M, Octavia A, et al. Indonesian. J Pharm Sci Technol. 2018;1:21–4.
[7] Lamlertthon S, Luangnarumitchai S, Tiyaboonchai W. Mahidol University. J Pharm Sci. 2007;34:60–4.
[8] Baydaa Hameed Abdullah, Suhad Faisal Hatem, and Widad Jumaa, “A Comparative Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Clove and Rosemary Essential Oils on Multidrug Resistant Bacteria.,” Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Journal. vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 18– 22, 2015
[9] Paramita NL, Arisanti CI, Laksmiani NP. Proceeding 1st Int. Conf. Food Agric. 2018.
[10] Febriyenti F, Suharti N, Lucida H, Husni E, Sedona O. Karakterisasi dan Studi Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Etanol Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.). Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis. 2018;5(1):23–7.
[11] Depkes Republik Indonesia. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. Jakarta; 2008.
[12] Sindhu RK, Chitkara M, Kaur G, Kaur A, Arora S, Sandhu IS. Plant Arch. 2019;19:1342– 6.
[13] Cholifah U, Nafiunisa A, Aryanti N, Wardhani DH. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. IOP Publishing; 2021. p. 12016.
[14] Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta; 2000.
[15] Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Indonesia, (1994).
[16] Abbas SZ, Hussain K, Hussain Z, Ali R, Abbas T. Pharm Anal Acta. 2016;7:1–3.
[17] Wibowo DP, Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi Farmasi Indonesia. 2018;1.
[18] Vivian OP, Nathan O, Osano A, Mesopirr L, Omwoyo WN, 2014;.
[19] Sukeksi L, Diana V. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. IOP Publishing; 2020. p. 12046.