Antifungal Activity of Phenolic Compounds From Samanea Saman Leaves Against Stem Rot Disease on Dragon Fruits Caused by Fusarium Solani
Abstract
Fusarium solani is a pathogen that causes dragon fruit stem rot. Phenolic compounds are thought to slow the progression of the disease. The aim of this research was to determine the quantity of phenolic compounds in Samanea saman leaf extract, identify the phenolic compounds, and evaluate their antifungal activity against F. solani. Extraction was done by maceration with 96% ethanol, followed by fractionation. Total phenolic content was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Purification was performed by chromatographic technique. The isolate was identified by phytochemical test and spectroscopy technique. Antifungal assay was carried out by well diffusion agar. The total phenolic content of the acetone extract was 6589.12 mg GAE/100g extract. The extract strongly inhibited the growth of the pathogenic fungi with an inhibitory zone of 25.50 mm. The active isolate strongly inhibited the growth of F. solani with an inhibition zone of 35.50 mm. The phytochemical test and UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the isolate was hydrolyzed tannin, which absorbs ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 264.90 nm. The infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the functional groups of tannin are OH (phenol), -CH aliphatic, -C=O, -C=C aromatic, and -CO.
Keywords: Antifungal activity, Dragon Fruit, Phenolic compounds, Samanea sama
References
[1] Hawa MM, Salleh B, Latiffah Z. Characterization and intraspecific variation of Fusarium semitectum (Berkeley and Ravenel) associated with red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus [Weber] Britton and Rose) in Malaysia. Africa Journal of Biotechnology. 2010;9(3):273-284.
[2] Zainoldin KH, Baba AS. The effect of Hylocereus polyrhizus and Hylocereus undatus on physicochemical, proteolysis, and antioxidant activity in yogurt. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation. 2009;3(12):884-888.
[3] Valencia-Botín AJ, Sandoval-Islas JS, Cárdenas-Soriano E, Michailides TJ, RendónSánchez G. Botryosphaeria dothidea causing stem spots on Hylocereus undatus in Mexico. Plant Pathology. 2003;52: 803-803.
[4] Rita WS, Suprapta DN, Sudana IM, Swantara IMD. First report on Fusarium solani, a pathogenic fungus causing stem rot disease on dragon fruits (Hylocereus sp.) in Bali. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 2013;3(17):93-99.
[5] Zhang N, O’Donnell K, Sutton DA et al. Members of the Fusarium solani species complex that cause infections in both humans and plants are common in the Environmental Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2006;44(6):2186-2190.
[6] Rita WS, Suprapta DN, Sudana IM, Swantara IMD. Antitungal activity of rain tree (Samanea saman jacq.) leaf extract against Fusarium solani, the cause of steam rot disease on dragon fruits (Hylocereus sp.). Proceeding of Collaboration Seminar of Chemistry and Industry (CoSCI). 2016;1:67-73.
[7] Rita WS, Swantara IMD, Asih IARA, Sinarsih NK. Antibacterial activity of Samanea saman leaf ethanol extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and its total flavonoid and phenolic contents. Journal of Chemistry. 2018;12(2):120-126.
[8] Rita WS, Swantara IMD, Astiti Asih IAR, Sinarsih NK, Suteja IKP. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents of n-butanol extract of Samanea saman leaf and the antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. American Institute of Physics (AIP) Conf. Proc. 2016;1718(60005):1-5.
[9] Suteja IKP, Rita WS, Gunawan IWG. Identification and activity test of flavonoid compounds from Albizia saman ( Jacq.) merr leaf extract as antibacterial against Escherichia coli. Journal of Chemistry. 2016;10(1):141-148.
[10] Sariningsih P, Rita WS, Puspawati NM. Identification and activity test of flavonoid compounds from Samanea saman ( Jacq.) merr leaf extract to control Fusarium sp. on dragon fruit plants. Journal of Chemistry. 2015;9(1):12-26.
[11] Sari PP, Rita WS, Puspawati NM. Identification and activity test of tannin compounds from Samanea saman ( Jacq.) merr leaf extract as antibacterial against Escherichia coli. Journal of Chemistry. 2015;9(1):27-34.
[12] Salisbury FB, Ross CW. Plant physiology. Hormones and plant regulators: Auxins and gibberellins. 4th ed.Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing; 1992.
[13] Rita WS, Kawuri R, Swantara IMD. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antimicrobial activity of Acorus calamus L. rhizome ethanol extract. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment. 2018;22(2):65-70.
[14] Ardiansyah A. Beluntas leaves as antibacterial and antioxidant agents. 2005. Available from: http://www.berita_iptek.com/ cetak_ beritahp? kat=berita &id=33
[15] Ukoha PO, Cemaluk EAC, Nnamdi OL, Madus EP. Tannins and other phytochemical of the Samanaea saman pods and their antimicrobial activities. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2011;5(8):237-244.
[16] Oska Y, Oska M. Biotechnological importance of plant secondary metabolites. Ecological Life Sciences. 2009;4(2):31-41.
[17] Pelczar MJ, Chan WCS, Krieg NR. Microbiology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.; 2010.
[18] Khanbabaee K, Ree TV. Tannins: Classification and definition. Natural Product Reports. 2001;18(6):641-649.
[19] Effendy E. A New perspective of coordination chemistry. Malang: Bayumedia Publishing; 2007.
[20] Li Z, Liu M, Dawuti G, Dou Q, Ma Y, Liu H, Aibai S. Antifungal activity of gallic acid in vitro and in vivo. Phytotherapy Research. 2017;31(7):1039-1045.
[21] Congyi Z, Lei M, Andargie M, Zeng J, Li J. Antifungal activity and mechanism of action of tannic acid against Penicillium digitatum. Physiology Molecular Plant Pathology. 2019;107(7):46-50.
[22] Mailoa MN, Mahendradatta M, Laga A, Djide N. Antimicrobial activities of tannins extract from guava leaves (Psidium guajava L) on pathogens microbial. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research. 2014;3(1):236- 241.
[23] Sastrohamidjojo H. Kromatografi. Yogyakarta: Liberty; 1991.