The Health Belief Model and Cervical Cancer Examination Behavior of Women
Abstract
In many nations, cervical cancer is the second highest cause of mortality for women. Screening for cervical cancer using visual inspection with acetic acid (IVA) is relatively safe and inexpensive, and the results are immediate. This study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived severity, susceptibility, barriers and benefits, and cues to action with IVA examination behavior of women of childbearing age. This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. This study was conducted in Karangbesuki Village, Malang City. The sample size was 130 women of childbearing age who were selected by simple random sampling. The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression. All of the measured variables had a significant relationship with IVA examination behavior, namely perceived severity (b = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.24 to 1.39; p = 0.006), perceived susceptibility (b = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.61; p = 0.035), perceived barriers (b = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.66; p = 0.032), perceived benefits (b = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.08 to 1.33; p = 0.028), and cues to action (b = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.48; p = 0.016).
Keywords: health belief model, visual inspection of acetic acid, behavior, examination
References
[1] Nigussie T, Admassu B, Nigussie A. Cervical cancer screening service utilization and associated factors among age-eligible women in Jimma town using health belief. 2019;1–10.
[2] Gottschlich A, Nuntadusit T, Zarins KR, et al. Barriers to cervical cancer screening and acceptability of HPV self-testing: A sectional comparison between ethnic groups in Southern Thailand. 2019:1–10.
[3] Bhattacharyya AK, Nath JD, HD. Comparative study between pap smear and visual inspection with acetic acid (via) in screening of CIN and early cervical cancer. Journal Midlife Health. 2015;6:53–58.
[4] Widayanti DM, Irawandi D, Qomaruddin MB. Mother’s knowledge and attitudes towards visual acetate acid inspection test in Surabaya. Journal Public health Research. 2020;9:113–116.
[5] Yang H, Li S, Chen Q, et al. Barriers to cervical cancer screening among rural women in eastern China: A qualitative study. 2019:1–8.
[6] Akinlotan M, Bolin JN, Helduser J, et al. Cervical cancer screening barriers and risk factor knowledge among uninsured women. Journal Community Health. 2017;42:770–778.
[7] Hillemanns P, Soergel P, Hertel H, et al. Epidemiology and early detection of cervical cancer. 2016:501–506.
[8] Sawaya GF. Cervical cancer screening. 2019;101:743–753.
[9] Loud J, Branch CG, Murphy J, et al. Cancer screening and early detection in the 21st century. 2018;33:121–128.
[10] Purwoto G, Dianika HD, Putra A, et al. Modified cervicography and visual inspection with acetic acid as an alternative screening method for cervical precancerous lesions. J Cancer Prev. 2017;22:254–259.
[11] Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: A comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. British Journal of Cancer. 2015;112:580–593.
[12] Parsa N. Environmental factors inducing human cancers. Iran Journal Public Health. 2012;41:1–9.
[13] Braaten KP, Laufer MR. Human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV-related disease, and the HPV vaccine. Reviews in obstetrics and gynecology. 2008;1:2–10.
[14] Bansal A, Singh M, Rai B. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers: A growing global problem. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 2016;6:84.
[15] Poli UR, Bidinger PD, SG. Visual inspection with acetic acid (via) screening program: 7 years experience in early detection of cervical cancer and pre-cancers in rural south India. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine. 2015;40:203–207.
[16] Sauvaget C, Fayette JM, Muwonge R, et al. Accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2016;113:14–24.
[17] Aldohaian AI, Alshammari SA, Arafah DM. Using the health belief model to assess beliefs and behaviors regarding cervical cancer screening among Saudi women: A cross-sectional observational study 11 medical and health sciences 1117 public health and health services. BMC Womens Health. 2019;19:1–12.
[18] Duran ET. Examination with the health belief model of women’ s attitudes to cervical cancer and early diagnosis in Turkey: A qualitative study.
[19] Ababa A, Fentie AM, Tadesse TB, et al. Factors affecting cervical cancer screening uptake, visual inspection with acetic acid positivity and its predictors among women attending cervical cancer screening service. 2020:1–10.
[20] Putri SI, Nahak MPM. Metode path analysis: Hubungan faktor internal dan eksternal remaja putri dengan perilaku pencegahan kanker serviks. Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi. 2020;11:151–161.
[21] Bayu H, Berhe Y, Mulat A, et al. Cervical cancer screening service uptake and associated factors among age eligible women in mekelle zone, northern Ethiopia, 2015: A community based study using health belief model. 2016:1–13.
[22] Omenge E, Wachira J, Asirwa FC. Factors associated with uptake of visual inspection with acetic acid (via) for cervical cancer screening in western Kenya. 2016:1–12.
[23] Nayir T, Okyay RA, Nazlican E, et al. Cervical cancer screening in an early diagnosis and screening center in Mersin, Turkey. 2015;16:6909–6912.
[24] Baskaran P, Subramanian P, Rahman RA, et al. Perceived susceptibility, and cervical cancer screening benefits and barriers in Malaysian women visiting outpatient clinics. 2013;14:7693–7699.
[25] Gibson EG. Perceived susceptibility to cervical cancer among African-American women in the Mississippi Delta: Does adherence to screening matter? 2020;29:38– 47.
[26] Parsa P, Sharifi F, Shobeiri F, et al. Effects of group counseling based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening beliefs and performance of rural women in Kaboudrahang, Iran. 2017;18:1525–1530.
[27] Salem MR, Amin TT, Abdulrahman A, et al. Perceived risk of cervical cancer and barriers to screening among secondary school female teachers in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. 2017;18:969–979.
[28] Tung W, Lu M, Granner M. Perceived benefits and barriers of cervical cancer screening among Chinese American women. 2017;44:247–254.
[29] Islam RM, Billah B, Hossain N, et al. Barriers to cervical cancer and breast cancer screening uptake in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review. 2017;18:1751–1763.
[30] Bennett KF, Waller J, Chorley AJ, et al. Barriers to cervical screening and interest in self-sampling among women who actively decline screening. 2018. DOI: 10.1177/0969141318767471
[31] Ncube B, Bey A, Knight J, et al. Factors associated with the uptake of cervical cancer screening among women in Portland, Jamaica. 2015. DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.153922
[32] Shirazi S, Mehraban Z, Namdar A, et al. Assessment of preventive behavior for cervical cancer with the health belief model. 2018;19:2155–2163.
[33] Chisale M, Id M, Levin J, et al. Beliefs and perceptions regarding cervical cancer and screening associated with pap smear uptake in Johannesburg: A cross-sectional study. 2021;177:1–13.
[34] Asl RT, Osch L Van, Vries N De, et al. The role of knowledge, risk perceptions, and cues to action among Iranian women concerning cervical cancer and screening: A qualitative exploration. 2020;1–12.
[35] Ono A, Koshiyama M, Nakagawa M, et al. The preventive effect of dietary antioxidants on cervical cancer development. Medicina. 2020;56:1–12.
[36] Spring B, King AC, Pagoto SL, et al. Fostering multiple healthy lifestyle behaviors for primary prevention of cancer. American Psychologist,. 2015;70:75–90.
[37] Comparetto C, Borruto F. Cervical cancer screening: A never-ending developing program. 2015;3:614–625.
[38] Peralta AM De, Holaday B, Hadoto IM. Cues to cervical cancer screening among U.S. Hispanic women. 2017;15:5–12.