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Leila Satarian
Leila Satarian
Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Mahsa Jalilinejad
Mahsa Jalilinejad
Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Ahmad Berimipour
Ahmad Berimipour
Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
Published Date
- Mar 14, 2024
Squid as a Model Organism - Part 1: Exploring Defense System, Digestion, Respiration, Blood Circulation, Reproduction, and Skin
Abstract
The giant squid is an exceptionally intriguing organism with unique features, residing in the depths of the ocean at a depth of 1.5 km. To survive in these dark, high-pressure conditions and evade predators, this giant creature requires specific adaptations in its anatomy and way of life. The anatomy and physiology of the giant squid have inspired engineering and medical topics in human life. In this study, we will explore the potential applications of its defense system, digestion, nervous system, respiration, blood circulation, reproduction, and especially its skin in solving biotechnological challenges.
Keywords: giant squid, defense system, digestion, nervous system, blood circulation, respiration, reproduction, skin, nature-inspired, biotechnology
References
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[25] Brix O. Giant squids may die when exposed to warm water currents. Nature. 1983;303(5916):422-3. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1038/303422a0
[26] Guerra Á, Gonzales ÁF. 4.3 Severe injuries in the giant squid Architeuthis dux stranded after seismic explorations. Impacts of seismic survey activities on whales and other marine biota. 2006:32.
[27] Norman MD, Lu CC. Sex in giant squid. Nature. 1997;389(6652):683-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/39497
[28] Deagle BE, Jarman SN, Pemberton D, Gales NJ. Genetic screening for prey in the gut contents from a giant squid (Architeuthis sp.). J. Hered. 2005;96(4):417-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esi036
[29] Liu YC, Liu TH, Yu CC, Su CH, Chiao CC. Mismatch between the eye and the optic lobe in the giant squid. R Soc Open Sci. 2017;4(7):170289. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170289
[30] How MJ, Norman MD, Finn J, Chung WS, Marshall NJ. Dynamic skin patterns in cephalopods. Front Physiol. 2017;8:393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00393
[31] Bell GRR, Kuzirian AM, Senft SL, Mäthger LM, Wardill TJ, Hanlon RT. Chromatophore radial muscle fibers anchor in flexible squid skin. Invertebr. Biol. 2013;132(2):120-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12016
[32] Frolova A, Aksenova N, Novikov I, Maslakova A, Gafarova E, Efremov Y, et al. A collagen basketweave from the giant squid mantle as a robust scaffold for tissue engineering. Mar Drugs. 2021;19(12):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120679
[33] Leung EM, Colorado Escobar M, Stiubianu GT, Jim SR, Vyatskikh AL, Feng Z, et al. A dynamic thermoregulatory material inspired by squid skin. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1947. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09589-w
[34] Chatterjee A. At the intersection of natural structural coloration and bioengineering. Biomimetics. 2022;7(2):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7020066
[35] Vignolini S, Moyroud E, Glover BJ, Steiner U. Analysing photonic structures in plants. J. R. Soc. Interface. 2013;10(87):20130394. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0394
[36] Stevens M, Merilaita S. Animal camouflage: Mechanisms and function: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
[37] Williams TL, Senft SL, Yeo J, Martin-Martinez FJ, Kuzirian AM, Martin CA, et al. Dynamic pigmentary and structural coloration within cephalopod chromatophore organs. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1004. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08891-x
[38] Wardill TJ, Gonzalez-Bellido PT, Crook RJ, Hanlon RT. Neural control of tuneable skin iridescence in squid. Proc Biol Sci. 2012;279(1745):4243-52. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1374
[39] Hanlon RT, Cooper KM, Budelmann BU, Pappas TC. Physiological color change in squid iridophores. I. Behavior, morphology and pharmacology in Lolliguncula brevis. Cell TIssue Res. 1990;259(1):3-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571424
[40] DeMartini DG, Ghoshal A, Pandolfi E, Weaver AT, Baum M, Morse DE. Dynamic biophotonics: Female squid exhibit sexually dimorphic tunable leucophores and iridocytes. J. Exp. Biol. 2013;216(Pt 19):3733-41. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.090415
[2] Myers RF, Donaldson TJ. The fishes of the Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 2003;35(36):594-648.
[3] Feng JC, Liang J, Cai Y, Zhang S, Xue J, Yang Z. Deep-sea organisms research oriented by deep-sea technologies development. Sci Bull. 2022;67(17):1802-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2022.07.016
[4] Worth A. The squid and the lentil: A-hundred-and-fifty years under the sea. Dickens Stud Annu. 2020;51(2):362-74. https://doi.org/10.5325/dickstudannu.51.2.0362
[5] Rosa R, Seibel BA. Slow pace of life of the Antarctic colossal squid. J Mar Biolog Assoc UK. 2010;90(7):1375-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409991494
[6] Winkelmann I, Campos PF, Strugnell J, Cherel Y, Smith PJ, Kubodera T, et al. Mitochondrial genome diversity and population structure of the giant squid Architeuthis: Genetics sheds new light on one of the most enigmatic marine species. Proc Biol Sci. 2013;280(1759):20130273. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0273
[7] Koenig KM, Sun P, Meyer E, Gross JM. Eye development and photoreceptor differentiation in the cephalopod Doryteuthis pealeii. Development. 2016;143(17):3168-81. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.134254
[8] Schoenemann B. Evolution of eye reduction and loss in trilobites and some related fossil arthropods. Emerg Sci J. 2018;2(5):272-86.
[9] Ou YZ, Lu HJ, Wang HH, Chen ZY, Zhao ML. Age, growth and population structure analyses of the purpleback flying squid in the Northwest Indian Ocean by the statolith microstructure. Fishes. 2022;7(6):324. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060324
[10] Roper CFE, Boss KJ. The giant squid. Sci. Am. 1982;246(4):96-&. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0482-96
[11] Roper CFE, Shea EK. Unanswered questions about the giant squid (Architeuthidae) illustrate our incomplete knowledge of coleoid cephalopods. Am. Malacol. Bull. 2013;31(1):109-22. https://doi.org/10.4003/006.031.0104
[12] Cerullo MM, Roper CF. Giant squid: Searching for a sea monster: Capstone; 2012.
[13] O’Shea S, Bolstad K. Giant Squid Gut Contents (Cannibalism).
[14] Rodriguez AM. Leatherback turtles, giant squids, and other mysterious animals of the deepest seas: Enslow Publishing, LLC; 2012.
[15] Roeleveld MAC. The giant-squid Architeuthis in Southern African Waters. J Zool. 1991;224(3):431-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb06036.x
[16] Rubin J, Wechselberger M. Giant squid-hidden canard: The 3D geometry of the Hodgkin-Huxley model. Biol. Cybern. 2007;97(1):5-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-007-0153-5
[17] Nilsson DE, Warrant EJ, Johnsen S, Hanlon R, Shashar N. A unique advantage for giant eyes in giant squid. Curr. Biol. 2012;22(8):683-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.031
[18] Kubodera T, Mori K. First-ever observations of a live giant squid in the wild. Proc Biol Sci. 2005;272(1581):2583-6. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3158
[19] Sakurai Y, Ikeda Y. Allometry for eyes and optic lobes in oval squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) with special reference to their ontogenetic asymmetry. Symmetry. 2022;14(4):644. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14040644
[20] Salvador RB, Cunha CM. Squids, octopuses and lots of ink. J Geek Stud. 2016;3(1):12- 26.
[21] Derby CD. Cephalopod ink: Production, chemistry, functions and applications. Mar Drugs. 2014;12(5):2700-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12052700
[22] Crook RJ, Hanlon RT, Walters ET. Squid have nociceptors that display widespread long-term sensitization and spontaneous activity after bodily injury. J. Neurosci. 2013;33(24):10021-6. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0646-13.2013
[23] Cockburn D. Human-beings and giant-squids on ascribing human sensations and emotions to nonhuman creatures. Philosophy. 1994;69(268):135-50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100046805
[24] Rosenthal JJ, Gilly WF. Identified ion channels in the squid nervous system. Neurosignals. 2003;12(3):126-41. https://doi.org/10.1159/000072160
[25] Brix O. Giant squids may die when exposed to warm water currents. Nature. 1983;303(5916):422-3. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1038/303422a0
[26] Guerra Á, Gonzales ÁF. 4.3 Severe injuries in the giant squid Architeuthis dux stranded after seismic explorations. Impacts of seismic survey activities on whales and other marine biota. 2006:32.
[27] Norman MD, Lu CC. Sex in giant squid. Nature. 1997;389(6652):683-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/39497
[28] Deagle BE, Jarman SN, Pemberton D, Gales NJ. Genetic screening for prey in the gut contents from a giant squid (Architeuthis sp.). J. Hered. 2005;96(4):417-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esi036
[29] Liu YC, Liu TH, Yu CC, Su CH, Chiao CC. Mismatch between the eye and the optic lobe in the giant squid. R Soc Open Sci. 2017;4(7):170289. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170289
[30] How MJ, Norman MD, Finn J, Chung WS, Marshall NJ. Dynamic skin patterns in cephalopods. Front Physiol. 2017;8:393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00393
[31] Bell GRR, Kuzirian AM, Senft SL, Mäthger LM, Wardill TJ, Hanlon RT. Chromatophore radial muscle fibers anchor in flexible squid skin. Invertebr. Biol. 2013;132(2):120-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12016
[32] Frolova A, Aksenova N, Novikov I, Maslakova A, Gafarova E, Efremov Y, et al. A collagen basketweave from the giant squid mantle as a robust scaffold for tissue engineering. Mar Drugs. 2021;19(12):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120679
[33] Leung EM, Colorado Escobar M, Stiubianu GT, Jim SR, Vyatskikh AL, Feng Z, et al. A dynamic thermoregulatory material inspired by squid skin. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1947. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09589-w
[34] Chatterjee A. At the intersection of natural structural coloration and bioengineering. Biomimetics. 2022;7(2):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7020066
[35] Vignolini S, Moyroud E, Glover BJ, Steiner U. Analysing photonic structures in plants. J. R. Soc. Interface. 2013;10(87):20130394. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0394
[36] Stevens M, Merilaita S. Animal camouflage: Mechanisms and function: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
[37] Williams TL, Senft SL, Yeo J, Martin-Martinez FJ, Kuzirian AM, Martin CA, et al. Dynamic pigmentary and structural coloration within cephalopod chromatophore organs. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1004. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08891-x
[38] Wardill TJ, Gonzalez-Bellido PT, Crook RJ, Hanlon RT. Neural control of tuneable skin iridescence in squid. Proc Biol Sci. 2012;279(1745):4243-52. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1374
[39] Hanlon RT, Cooper KM, Budelmann BU, Pappas TC. Physiological color change in squid iridophores. I. Behavior, morphology and pharmacology in Lolliguncula brevis. Cell TIssue Res. 1990;259(1):3-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571424
[40] DeMartini DG, Ghoshal A, Pandolfi E, Weaver AT, Baum M, Morse DE. Dynamic biophotonics: Female squid exhibit sexually dimorphic tunable leucophores and iridocytes. J. Exp. Biol. 2013;216(Pt 19):3733-41. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.090415