Download fulltext
HTML
https://doi.org/10.18502/wkmj.v66i1.15600
statistics
- 114 Abstract Views
- 66 PDF Views
- 0 HTML Views
authors
-
Sahar Haghighat
Sahar Haghighat
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University Of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
-
Akram Sadat Montazeri
Akram Sadat Montazeri
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
-
Azam Zare
Azam Zare
Medical Surgical Department, School of Nursing. Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
-
Nasrin Fadaee Aghdam
Nasrin Fadaee Aghdam
Medical Surgical Department, School of Nursing. Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
Published Date
- Mar 14, 2024
Ethical Challenges for Patients and Healthcare Providers with the Approach to COVID-19 Context: A Review
Abstract
Emerging diseases create ethical challenges in medical centers, so that health care providers have a moral duty to respect the rights of patients. Failure to comply with ethical principles leads to challenges and consequences that decrease patient satisfaction and reduce the quality-of-service delivery. In this review study, the published articles were retrieved using the main keywords in the databases including Medline, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library in 2020, and 42 articles were analyzed and reviewed. To extract the data, two researchers simultaneously reviewed and analyzed the articles. To increase the validity and reliability of the study, two researchers evaluated the quality of the articles separately. The most important challenges raised in the articles include two categories: ethical challenges of patients with emerging diseases and ethical challenges of healthcare providers with emerging diseases. It seems that in addition to dealing with the ethical needs of serving patients, dealing with issues related to the medical staff, especially the ethical aspects of their service, should also be considered.
Keywords: emerging disease, COVID-19, ethical challenges, management, health care centers
References
[1] Watkins K. Emerging infectious diseases: A review. Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep. 2018;6(3):86-93. [
2] Mehand MS, Al-Shorbaji F, Millett P, Murgue B. The WHO R&D Blueprint: 2018 review of emerging infectious diseases requiring urgent research and development efforts. Antivir Res. 2018;159:63-7.
[3] Suwantarat N, Apisarnthanarak A. Risks to healthcare workers with emerging diseases: Lessons from MERS-CoV, Ebola, SARS, and avian flu. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015;28(4):349-61.
[4] Thiermann A. Emerging diseases and implications for global trade. Rev Sci Tech. 2004;23(2):701-7.
[5] Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239- 42.
[6] Beierle J. A viewpoint on the coming impact of emerging diseases. J Calif Dent Assoc. 1999;27(5):369-75.
[7] Elston DM. New and emerging infectious diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(6):1062-8.
[8] Roess A, Lahm S, Kabbash I, Saad-Hussein A, Shaalan A, Rasslan O, et al. Responding to emerging diseases requires multi-disciplinary and one health training, Egypt. Ann Glob Health. 2018;84(4):650.
[9] Myers JL, Mulder L. Frontline workers in the backrooms of COVID-19: Caring for the living and the dead. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;154(3):286-92.
[10] Antoniotti S, Pellissier V, Siméoni M, Manuel C. Mandatory declaration of infectious diseases. Sante Publique. 2002;14(2):165-78.
[11] Mohammadi F, Farjam M, Gholampour Y, Tehranineshat B, Oshvandi K, Bijani M. Health professionals’ perception of psychological safety in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19). Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:785.
[12] Mann JM. Medicine and public health, ethics and human rights. Hastings Cent Rep. 1997;27(3):6-13.
[13] Pospelova SI, Pavlova YV, Kamenskaya NA, Pospelov SV. Violation liability in the context of the spread of COVID-19: Russian experience. J Law Med. 2020;27(4):877- 94.
[14] Pugh J. The United Kingdom’s Coronavirus Act, deprivations of liberty, and the right to liberty and security of the person. J Law Biosci. 2020;7(1):lsaa011.
[15] Annis T, Pleasants S, Hultman G, Lindemann E, Thompson JA, Billecke S, et al. Rapid implementation of a COVID-19 remote patient monitoring program. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;27(8):1326-30.
[16] Raudenská J, Steinerová V, Javůrková A, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, et al. Occupational burnout syndrome and post-traumatic stress among healthcare professionals during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):553-60.
[17] Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:901-7.
[18] Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:11-7
[19] Walton M, Murray E. Christian MD. Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020; 2020:2048-20922795.
[20] Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry . 2020;7(4):e15-e6.
[21] Montemurro N. The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:23-24.
[22] Druml C. COVID-19 and ethical preparedness? Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2020;132(13):400-2.
[23] Coghlan N, Archard D, Sipanoun P, Hayes T, Baharlo B. COVID-19 9: Legal implications for critical care. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(11):1517-28.
[24] Morley G, Grady C, McCarthy J, Ulrich CM. Covid-19 9: Ethical challenges for nurses. Hastings Cent Rep. 2020;50(3):35-9.
[26] Jamrozik E, Selgelid MJ. COVID-19 human challenge studies: ethical issues. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(8):e198-e203.
[27] Cohen DF, Kurkowski MA, Wilson RJ, Jonke GJ, Patel OR, Pappas RP, et al. Ethical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Dent Assoc. 2020;151(5):377-8.
[28] Piccoli M, Tannou T, Hernandorena I, Koeberle S. Ethical approach to the issue of confinement of the elderly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevention of frailty versus risk of vulnerability. Ethics Med Public Health. 2020;14:100539-.
[29] Turnham HL, Dunn M, Hill E, Thornburn GT, Wilkinson D. Consent in the time of COVID-19. J Med Ethics. 2020;46(9):565-8.
[30] Woo BFY, Lee JXY, Tam WWS. The impact of the advanced practice nursing role on quality of care, clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost in the emergency and critical care settings: a systematic review. Hum Resour Health. 2017;15(1):1-22.
[31] Mazza M, Lai J. Sani, 2020-Mazza. M, Marano, G, Lai, C, Janiri, L, & Sani, G. Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113046.
[32] Elhadi M, Msherghi A, Alkeelani M, Zorgani A, Zaid A, Alsuyihili A, et al. Assessment of healthcare workers’ levels of preparedness and awareness regarding COVID-19 infection in low-resource settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(2):828.
[33] Giubilini A, Douglas T, Maslen H, Savulescu J. Quarantine, isolation and the duty of easy rescue in public health. Dev World Bioeth.
[34] Evans NG. Covid-19: The ethics of clinical research in quarantine. BMJ. 2020;369:m2060.
[35] Lohiniva A-L, Sane J, Sibenberg K, Puumalainen T, Salminen M. Understanding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risk perceptions among the public to enhance risk communication efforts: A practical approach for outbreaks, Finland, February 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(13):2000317.
[36] Shadmi E, Chen Y, Dourado I, Faran-Perach I, Furler J, Hangoma P, et al. Health equity and COVID-19: Global perspectives. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):1-16.
[37] Liu Q, Luo D, Haase J, Guo Q, Wang X, Liu S, et al. The experiences of healthcare providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: A qualitative study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8 (6): e790–8.
[38] Chan-Yeung M, Xu R. SARS: Epidemiology. Respirology 8: S9–S14. 2003.
[39] Lee SH, Juang YY, Su YJ, Lee HL, Lin YH, Chao CC. Facing SARS: psychological impacts on SARS team nurses and psychiatric services in a Taiwan general hospital. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2005;27(5):352–358 .
[40] Zhan M, Qin Y, Xue X, Zhu S. Death from Covid-19 of 23 health care workers in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2267-8.
[41] Shaukat N, Ali DM, Razzak J. Physical and mental health impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: A scoping review. Int J Emerg. 2020;13(1):1-8.
[42] Bearden DM, Aiken PB, Cheng YH, Mai E, Peters TM. COVID-19: A primer for healthcare providers. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2020;132(13):390-5.
[43] Petzold MB, Plag J, Ströhle A. Dealing with psychological distress by healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemia. Der Nervenarzt. 2020;91(5):417-21.
[44] Chersich MF, Gray G, Fairlie L, Eichbaum Q, Mayhew S, Allwood B, et al. COVID-19 in Africa: Care and protection for frontline healthcare workers. Glob Health. 2020;16(1):1- 6.
[45] Dos Santos LM. How does COVID-19 pandemic influence the sense of belonging and decision-making process of nursing students: The study of nursing students’ experiences. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):5603.
[46] Bohlken J, Schömig F, Lemke M, Pumberger M. Riedel-Heller SG. COVID-19 pandemic: Stress experience of healthcare workers–a short current review. Psychiatr Prax. 2020;47(4):190-7.
[47] Rubulotta F, Soliman-Aboumarie H, Filbey K, Geldner G, Kuck K, Ganau M, et al. Technologies to optimize the care of severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients for health care providers challenged by limited resources. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(2):351-364 . DOI 10.18502/3 Page 22018;18(2):182-9.
[48] Lasater KB, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, French R, Martin B, Reneau K, et al. Chronic hospital nurse understaffing meets COVID-19: An observational study. BMJ Qual Saf. 2021;30(8):639-47.
[49] Devi S. US public health budget cuts in the face of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):415.
[50] Fox ER. Budgeting in the time of COVID-19. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77(15):1174- 1175.
[51] Ceylan RF, Ozkan B, Mulazimogullari E. Historical evidence for economic effects of COVID-19. Eur J Health Econ. 2020;21(6):817-823.
[52] Lee A. General practitioners as frontiers in COVID-19: The Hong Kong experience. Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;24:49.
[53] Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Sern TJ, Ayub SH, Mohamad E. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. Plos One. 2020;15(5):e0233668.
[54] Jones DS. History in a Crisis - Lessons for Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1681- 1683
[55] Vaccaro AR, Getz CL, Cohen BE, Cole BJ, Donnally III CJ. Practice management during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28(11):464-470.
[56] Bowman BA, Back AL, Esch AE, Marshall N. Crisis symptom management and patient communication protocols are important tools for all clinicians responding to COVID19. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(2):e98-e100.
[57] Zareifopoulos N, Lagadinou M, Karela A, Platanaki C, Karantzogiannis G, Velissaris D. Management of COVID-19: The risks associated with treatment are clear, but the benefits remain uncertain. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2020;90(2).
[58] Wang H, Wang S, Yu K. COVID-19 infection epidemic: The medical management strategies in Heilongjiang Province, China. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):107.
[59] Choi JY. COVID-19 in South Korea. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1137):399-402.
[60] Watanabe M. The COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Surg Today. 2020;50(8):787-93.
[61] Zand AD, Heir AV. Emerging challenges in urban waste management in Tehran, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2020;162:105051.
[62] Chen J, Lu H, Melino G, Boccia S, Piacentini M, Ricciardi W, et al. COVID-19 infection: The China and Italy perspectives. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(6):1-17
2] Mehand MS, Al-Shorbaji F, Millett P, Murgue B. The WHO R&D Blueprint: 2018 review of emerging infectious diseases requiring urgent research and development efforts. Antivir Res. 2018;159:63-7.
[3] Suwantarat N, Apisarnthanarak A. Risks to healthcare workers with emerging diseases: Lessons from MERS-CoV, Ebola, SARS, and avian flu. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015;28(4):349-61.
[4] Thiermann A. Emerging diseases and implications for global trade. Rev Sci Tech. 2004;23(2):701-7.
[5] Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239- 42.
[6] Beierle J. A viewpoint on the coming impact of emerging diseases. J Calif Dent Assoc. 1999;27(5):369-75.
[7] Elston DM. New and emerging infectious diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(6):1062-8.
[8] Roess A, Lahm S, Kabbash I, Saad-Hussein A, Shaalan A, Rasslan O, et al. Responding to emerging diseases requires multi-disciplinary and one health training, Egypt. Ann Glob Health. 2018;84(4):650.
[9] Myers JL, Mulder L. Frontline workers in the backrooms of COVID-19: Caring for the living and the dead. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;154(3):286-92.
[10] Antoniotti S, Pellissier V, Siméoni M, Manuel C. Mandatory declaration of infectious diseases. Sante Publique. 2002;14(2):165-78.
[11] Mohammadi F, Farjam M, Gholampour Y, Tehranineshat B, Oshvandi K, Bijani M. Health professionals’ perception of psychological safety in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19). Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:785.
[12] Mann JM. Medicine and public health, ethics and human rights. Hastings Cent Rep. 1997;27(3):6-13.
[13] Pospelova SI, Pavlova YV, Kamenskaya NA, Pospelov SV. Violation liability in the context of the spread of COVID-19: Russian experience. J Law Med. 2020;27(4):877- 94.
[14] Pugh J. The United Kingdom’s Coronavirus Act, deprivations of liberty, and the right to liberty and security of the person. J Law Biosci. 2020;7(1):lsaa011.
[15] Annis T, Pleasants S, Hultman G, Lindemann E, Thompson JA, Billecke S, et al. Rapid implementation of a COVID-19 remote patient monitoring program. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;27(8):1326-30.
[16] Raudenská J, Steinerová V, Javůrková A, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, et al. Occupational burnout syndrome and post-traumatic stress among healthcare professionals during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):553-60.
[17] Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:901-7.
[18] Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:11-7
[19] Walton M, Murray E. Christian MD. Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020; 2020:2048-20922795.
[20] Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry . 2020;7(4):e15-e6.
[21] Montemurro N. The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:23-24.
[22] Druml C. COVID-19 and ethical preparedness? Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2020;132(13):400-2.
[23] Coghlan N, Archard D, Sipanoun P, Hayes T, Baharlo B. COVID-19 9: Legal implications for critical care. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(11):1517-28.
[24] Morley G, Grady C, McCarthy J, Ulrich CM. Covid-19 9: Ethical challenges for nurses. Hastings Cent Rep. 2020;50(3):35-9.
[26] Jamrozik E, Selgelid MJ. COVID-19 human challenge studies: ethical issues. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(8):e198-e203.
[27] Cohen DF, Kurkowski MA, Wilson RJ, Jonke GJ, Patel OR, Pappas RP, et al. Ethical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Dent Assoc. 2020;151(5):377-8.
[28] Piccoli M, Tannou T, Hernandorena I, Koeberle S. Ethical approach to the issue of confinement of the elderly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevention of frailty versus risk of vulnerability. Ethics Med Public Health. 2020;14:100539-.
[29] Turnham HL, Dunn M, Hill E, Thornburn GT, Wilkinson D. Consent in the time of COVID-19. J Med Ethics. 2020;46(9):565-8.
[30] Woo BFY, Lee JXY, Tam WWS. The impact of the advanced practice nursing role on quality of care, clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost in the emergency and critical care settings: a systematic review. Hum Resour Health. 2017;15(1):1-22.
[31] Mazza M, Lai J. Sani, 2020-Mazza. M, Marano, G, Lai, C, Janiri, L, & Sani, G. Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113046.
[32] Elhadi M, Msherghi A, Alkeelani M, Zorgani A, Zaid A, Alsuyihili A, et al. Assessment of healthcare workers’ levels of preparedness and awareness regarding COVID-19 infection in low-resource settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(2):828.
[33] Giubilini A, Douglas T, Maslen H, Savulescu J. Quarantine, isolation and the duty of easy rescue in public health. Dev World Bioeth.
[34] Evans NG. Covid-19: The ethics of clinical research in quarantine. BMJ. 2020;369:m2060.
[35] Lohiniva A-L, Sane J, Sibenberg K, Puumalainen T, Salminen M. Understanding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risk perceptions among the public to enhance risk communication efforts: A practical approach for outbreaks, Finland, February 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(13):2000317.
[36] Shadmi E, Chen Y, Dourado I, Faran-Perach I, Furler J, Hangoma P, et al. Health equity and COVID-19: Global perspectives. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):1-16.
[37] Liu Q, Luo D, Haase J, Guo Q, Wang X, Liu S, et al. The experiences of healthcare providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: A qualitative study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8 (6): e790–8.
[38] Chan-Yeung M, Xu R. SARS: Epidemiology. Respirology 8: S9–S14. 2003.
[39] Lee SH, Juang YY, Su YJ, Lee HL, Lin YH, Chao CC. Facing SARS: psychological impacts on SARS team nurses and psychiatric services in a Taiwan general hospital. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2005;27(5):352–358 .
[40] Zhan M, Qin Y, Xue X, Zhu S. Death from Covid-19 of 23 health care workers in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2267-8.
[41] Shaukat N, Ali DM, Razzak J. Physical and mental health impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: A scoping review. Int J Emerg. 2020;13(1):1-8.
[42] Bearden DM, Aiken PB, Cheng YH, Mai E, Peters TM. COVID-19: A primer for healthcare providers. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2020;132(13):390-5.
[43] Petzold MB, Plag J, Ströhle A. Dealing with psychological distress by healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemia. Der Nervenarzt. 2020;91(5):417-21.
[44] Chersich MF, Gray G, Fairlie L, Eichbaum Q, Mayhew S, Allwood B, et al. COVID-19 in Africa: Care and protection for frontline healthcare workers. Glob Health. 2020;16(1):1- 6.
[45] Dos Santos LM. How does COVID-19 pandemic influence the sense of belonging and decision-making process of nursing students: The study of nursing students’ experiences. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):5603.
[46] Bohlken J, Schömig F, Lemke M, Pumberger M. Riedel-Heller SG. COVID-19 pandemic: Stress experience of healthcare workers–a short current review. Psychiatr Prax. 2020;47(4):190-7.
[47] Rubulotta F, Soliman-Aboumarie H, Filbey K, Geldner G, Kuck K, Ganau M, et al. Technologies to optimize the care of severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients for health care providers challenged by limited resources. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(2):351-364 . DOI 10.18502/3 Page 22018;18(2):182-9.
[48] Lasater KB, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, French R, Martin B, Reneau K, et al. Chronic hospital nurse understaffing meets COVID-19: An observational study. BMJ Qual Saf. 2021;30(8):639-47.
[49] Devi S. US public health budget cuts in the face of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):415.
[50] Fox ER. Budgeting in the time of COVID-19. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77(15):1174- 1175.
[51] Ceylan RF, Ozkan B, Mulazimogullari E. Historical evidence for economic effects of COVID-19. Eur J Health Econ. 2020;21(6):817-823.
[52] Lee A. General practitioners as frontiers in COVID-19: The Hong Kong experience. Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;24:49.
[53] Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Sern TJ, Ayub SH, Mohamad E. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. Plos One. 2020;15(5):e0233668.
[54] Jones DS. History in a Crisis - Lessons for Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1681- 1683
[55] Vaccaro AR, Getz CL, Cohen BE, Cole BJ, Donnally III CJ. Practice management during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28(11):464-470.
[56] Bowman BA, Back AL, Esch AE, Marshall N. Crisis symptom management and patient communication protocols are important tools for all clinicians responding to COVID19. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(2):e98-e100.
[57] Zareifopoulos N, Lagadinou M, Karela A, Platanaki C, Karantzogiannis G, Velissaris D. Management of COVID-19: The risks associated with treatment are clear, but the benefits remain uncertain. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2020;90(2).
[58] Wang H, Wang S, Yu K. COVID-19 infection epidemic: The medical management strategies in Heilongjiang Province, China. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):107.
[59] Choi JY. COVID-19 in South Korea. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1137):399-402.
[60] Watanabe M. The COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Surg Today. 2020;50(8):787-93.
[61] Zand AD, Heir AV. Emerging challenges in urban waste management in Tehran, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2020;162:105051.
[62] Chen J, Lu H, Melino G, Boccia S, Piacentini M, Ricciardi W, et al. COVID-19 infection: The China and Italy perspectives. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(6):1-17