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https://doi.org/10.18502/wkmj.v65i4.14681
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Zhanna Zhussupova
Zhanna Zhussupova
Neurology Department, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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Dinmukhamed Ayaganov
Dinmukhamed Ayaganov
Neurology Department, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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Gulmira Zharmakhanova
Gulmira Zharmakhanova
Neurology Department, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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Ayten Mamedbayli
Ayten Mamedbayli
Neurology Department, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Published Date
- Dec 21, 2023
Future Prospects for Assessment of General Movements in Developing Countries
Abstract
The well-being of children is crucial for a nation’s demographic, economic, and intellectual prospects. Developing countries face an increasing number of children with disabilities, primarily attributed to congenital developmental defects, neurological disorders, and other health issues. Neurological disorders pose significant challenges to realizing the full potential of children and society. Early intervention is essential for improving functional outcomes in infants with neurological impairments. General Movements (GM) assessment, a predictor of subsequent neurological outcomes, plays a vital role in early detection. However, its widespread implementation in developing countries is limited. This article explores the history of GM assessment, its current state in developing countries, and the potential for mobile applications to revolutionize early assessments and interventions in developing countries.
References
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[23] Cioni, G., F. Ferrari, and H.F. Prechtl, Posture and spontaneous motility in fullterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 1989; 18(4): 247-262.
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[28] Prechtl, H.F., et al., An early marker for neurological deficits after perinatal brain lesions. Lancet. 1997; 349(9062): 1361-1363.
[29] Prechtl, H.F.R. and B. Hopkins, Developmental transformations of spontaneous movements in early infancy. Early Hum Dev. 1986; 14(3-4): 233-238.
[30] Prechtl, H.F.R., 3 Developmental neurology of the fetus. Bailliere Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol, 1988. 2(1): 21-36.
[31] Cioni, G., et al., Comparison between observation of spontaneous movements and neurologic examination in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1997; 130(5): 704-711.
[32] Cioni, G., et al., Which better predicts later outcome in fullterm infants: Quality of general movements or neurological examination? Early Hum Dev. 1997; 50(1): 71-85.
[33] Ferrari, F., et al., Posture, spontaneous movements, and behavioural state organisation in infants affected by brain malformations. Early Hum Dev. 1997; 50(1): 87-113.
[34] Goel, D., et al., General Movement assessment and neurodevelopmental trajectory in extremely preterm infants with hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity (THOP). Early Hum Dev. 2020; 144.
[35] Goyen, T.A., et al., Sensitivity and specificity of general movements assessment for detecting cerebral palsy in an Australian context: 2-year outcomes. J Paediatr Child Health. 2020; 56(9): 1414-1418.
[36] Pascal, A., et al., Motor outcome after perinatal stroke and early prediction of unilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020; 29: 54-61.
[37] Sokołów, M., et al., Early intervention and its short-term effect on the temporal organization of fidgety movements. Early Hum Dev. 2020; 151.
[38] Wu, Y.C., et al., Atypical general movements in the general population: Prevalence over the last 15 years and associated factors. Acta Paediatrica. Int J Pediatr. 2020; 109(12): 2762-2769.
[39] Wu, Y.C., et al., Typical general movements at 2 to 4 months: Movement complexity, fidgety movements, and their associations with risk factors and SINDA scores. Early Hum Dev. 2020; 149.
[40] Wang, H., et al. Value of general movements assessment in predicting neuromotor development outcomes in neonates with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: A prospective cohort Study. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2023; 50(7).
[41] Wang, J., et al. Early markers of neurodevelopmental disorders based on general movements for very preterm infants: Study protocol for a multicentre prospective cohort study in a clinical setting in China. BMJ Open. 2023; 13(5).
[42] Yardimci-Lokmanoglu, B.N., et al. Early spontaneous movements and sensory processing in preterm infants. Am J Occup Ther. 2023; 77(3).
[43] Kwong, A.K.L., et al. The Baby Moves smartphone app for General Movements Assessment: Engagement amongst extremely preterm and term-born infants in a state-wide geographical study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019; 55(5): 548-554.
[44] Spittle, A.J., et al. The baby moves prospective cohort study protocol: Using a smartphone application with the general movements assessment to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 2 years for extremely preterm or extremely low birthweight infants. BMJ Open. 2016; 6(10).
[45] Inubashiri, E., et al. A new approach for quantitative assessment of fetal general movements in the early second trimester of pregnancy using four-dimensional ultrasound. J Med Ultrasound. 2021; 48(3): 335-344.
[46] King, A.R., et al. Early detection of cerebral palsy in high-risk infants: Translation of evidence into practice in an Australian hospital. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021; 57(2): 246-250.
[47] Kwong, A.K.L., et al. Occurrence of and temporal trends in fidgety general movements in infants born extremely preterm/extremely low birthweight and termborn controls. Early Hum Dev. 2019; 135: 11-15.
[48] Kwong, A.K.L., et al.. Early motor repertoire of very preterm infants and relationships with 2-Year neurodevelopment. J Clin Med, 2022. 11(7).
[49] Svensson, K.A., et al., Usability and inter-rater reliability of the NeuroMotion app: A tool in General Movements Assessments. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2021. 33: 29-35.
[50] Einspieler, C., R. Peharz, and P.B. Marschik, Fidgety movements–tiny in appearance, but huge in impact. J Pediatr. 2016; 92: 64-70.
[51] Einspieler, C., et al.. Association of infants exposed to prenatal zika virus infection with their clinical, neurologic, and developmental status evaluated via the general movement assessment tool. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2(1): e187235.
[52] Silva, N., et al., The future of General Movement Assessment: The role of computer vision and machine learning–A scoping review. Res Dev Disabil. 2021; 110: 103854.
[53] Marschik, P.B., et al., Mobile Solutions for Clinical Surveillance and Evaluation in Infancy—General Movement Apps. J Clin Med. 2023; 12(10): 3576.
[54] Einspieler, C., et al., Cerebral palsy: Early markers of clinical phenotype and functional outcome. J Clin Med. 2019; 8(10).
[2] Novak, I., et al., Early, accurate diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Pediatr, 2017. 171(9): 897-907.
[3] Morgan, C., et al. GAME (Goals - activity - motor enrichment): Protocol of a single blind randomised controlled trial of motor training, parent education and environmental enrichment for infants at high risk of cerebral palsy. BMC Neurol. 2014; 14(1).
[4] Morgan, C., et al. Sensitivity and specificity of general movements assessment for diagnostic accuracy of detecting cerebral palsy early in an Australian context. J Paediatr Child Health. 2016; 52(1): 54-59.
[5] Morgan, C., et al. The pooled diagnostic accuracy of neuroimaging, general movements, and neurological examination for diagnosing cerebral palsy early in high-risk infants: A case control study. J Clin Med. 2019; 8(11).
[6] Oppenheim, R.W. Ontogenic adaptations in neural and behavioural development toward a more ecological developmental psychobiology. Clin Dev Med. 1984(94): 16-30.
[7] Prechtl, H.F., et al. Postures, motility and respiration of lowrisk preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1979; 21(1): 3-27.
[8] Bax, M. The Choreiform Syndrome and other Work done by Heinz Prechtl. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1961; 3(4): 317-318.
[9] Berge, B.S.t., The Influence of the Placenta on Cerebral Injuries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1961; 3(4): 323-331.
[10] Harris, A.J. Lateral dominance and reading disability. J Learn Disabil. 1979; 12(5): 337-343.
[11] Oppenheim, R.W. Ontogenetic adaptations and retrogressive processes in the development of the nervous system and behavior: A neuroembryological perspective. Maturation and development: Biol Psychol Perspect. 1981: 73-109.
[12] de Vries, J.I.P., G.H.A. Visser, and H.F.R. Prechtl. The emergence of fetal behaviour. I. Qualitative aspects. Early Hum Dev. 1982; 7(4): 301-322.
[13] Leijon, I. and O. Finnström. Correlation between neurological examination and behavioural assessment of the newborn infant. Early Hum Dev. 1982; 7(2): 119-130.
[14] Lievaart, M. and P.A. de Jong. Neonatal morbidity in deliveries conducted by midwives and gynecologists. A study of the system of obstetric care prevailing in The Netherlands. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 144(4): 376-386.
[15] Prechtl, HF. Motor behaviour of preterm infants. Continuity of neural functions from prenatal to postnatal life. Clin Dev Med 1991: 79-92.
[16] Mulder, E.J.H. and G.H.A. Visser, Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. II. Emergence of specific movement patterns. Early Hum Dev. 1991; 25(2): 107-115.
[17] Roodenburg, P.J., et al. Classification and quantitative aspects of fetal movements during the second half of normal pregnancy. Early Hum Dev. 1991; 25(1): 19-35.
[18] Eishima, K. The effects of obstetric conditions on neonatal behaviour in Japanese infants. Early Hum Dev. 1992; 28(3): 253-263.
[19] Hopkins, B. A qualitative approach to the development of movements during early infancy. H.F.R. Prechtl (Ed.), Continuity of neural functions from prenatal to postnatal life. 1984. p: 179-197.
[20] Cioni, G. and H.F. Prechtl. Preterm and early postterm motor behaviour in low-risk premature infants. Early Hum Dev. 1990; 23(3): 159-191.
[21] Ferrari, F., G. Cioni, and H. Prechtl. Qualitative changes of general movements in preterm infants with brain lesions. Early Hum Dev. 1990; 23(3): 193-231.
[22] Prechtl, H.F. Continuity of neural functions from prenatal to postnatal life. 1984: Cambridge University Press.
[23] Cioni, G., F. Ferrari, and H.F. Prechtl, Posture and spontaneous motility in fullterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 1989; 18(4): 247-262.
[24] Prechtl, H.F.R. Spontaneous Motor Activity as a Diagnostic Tool: Functional Assessment of the Young Nervous System. A Scientific Illustration of Prechtl’s Method. 1997: GM Trust.
[25] Einspieler, C., et al., The qualitative assessment of general movements in preterm, term and young infants - Review of the methodology. Early Hum Dev. 1997; 50(1): 47-60.
[26] Einspieler, C., et al., The qualitative assessment of general movements in preterm, term and young infants—review of the methodology. Early Hum Dev. 1997; 50(1): 47-60.
[27] Prechtl, H.F.R. and C. Einspieler, Is neurological assessment of the fetus possible? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 199; 75(1): 81-84.
[28] Prechtl, H.F., et al., An early marker for neurological deficits after perinatal brain lesions. Lancet. 1997; 349(9062): 1361-1363.
[29] Prechtl, H.F.R. and B. Hopkins, Developmental transformations of spontaneous movements in early infancy. Early Hum Dev. 1986; 14(3-4): 233-238.
[30] Prechtl, H.F.R., 3 Developmental neurology of the fetus. Bailliere Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol, 1988. 2(1): 21-36.
[31] Cioni, G., et al., Comparison between observation of spontaneous movements and neurologic examination in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1997; 130(5): 704-711.
[32] Cioni, G., et al., Which better predicts later outcome in fullterm infants: Quality of general movements or neurological examination? Early Hum Dev. 1997; 50(1): 71-85.
[33] Ferrari, F., et al., Posture, spontaneous movements, and behavioural state organisation in infants affected by brain malformations. Early Hum Dev. 1997; 50(1): 87-113.
[34] Goel, D., et al., General Movement assessment and neurodevelopmental trajectory in extremely preterm infants with hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity (THOP). Early Hum Dev. 2020; 144.
[35] Goyen, T.A., et al., Sensitivity and specificity of general movements assessment for detecting cerebral palsy in an Australian context: 2-year outcomes. J Paediatr Child Health. 2020; 56(9): 1414-1418.
[36] Pascal, A., et al., Motor outcome after perinatal stroke and early prediction of unilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020; 29: 54-61.
[37] Sokołów, M., et al., Early intervention and its short-term effect on the temporal organization of fidgety movements. Early Hum Dev. 2020; 151.
[38] Wu, Y.C., et al., Atypical general movements in the general population: Prevalence over the last 15 years and associated factors. Acta Paediatrica. Int J Pediatr. 2020; 109(12): 2762-2769.
[39] Wu, Y.C., et al., Typical general movements at 2 to 4 months: Movement complexity, fidgety movements, and their associations with risk factors and SINDA scores. Early Hum Dev. 2020; 149.
[40] Wang, H., et al. Value of general movements assessment in predicting neuromotor development outcomes in neonates with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: A prospective cohort Study. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2023; 50(7).
[41] Wang, J., et al. Early markers of neurodevelopmental disorders based on general movements for very preterm infants: Study protocol for a multicentre prospective cohort study in a clinical setting in China. BMJ Open. 2023; 13(5).
[42] Yardimci-Lokmanoglu, B.N., et al. Early spontaneous movements and sensory processing in preterm infants. Am J Occup Ther. 2023; 77(3).
[43] Kwong, A.K.L., et al. The Baby Moves smartphone app for General Movements Assessment: Engagement amongst extremely preterm and term-born infants in a state-wide geographical study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019; 55(5): 548-554.
[44] Spittle, A.J., et al. The baby moves prospective cohort study protocol: Using a smartphone application with the general movements assessment to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 2 years for extremely preterm or extremely low birthweight infants. BMJ Open. 2016; 6(10).
[45] Inubashiri, E., et al. A new approach for quantitative assessment of fetal general movements in the early second trimester of pregnancy using four-dimensional ultrasound. J Med Ultrasound. 2021; 48(3): 335-344.
[46] King, A.R., et al. Early detection of cerebral palsy in high-risk infants: Translation of evidence into practice in an Australian hospital. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021; 57(2): 246-250.
[47] Kwong, A.K.L., et al. Occurrence of and temporal trends in fidgety general movements in infants born extremely preterm/extremely low birthweight and termborn controls. Early Hum Dev. 2019; 135: 11-15.
[48] Kwong, A.K.L., et al.. Early motor repertoire of very preterm infants and relationships with 2-Year neurodevelopment. J Clin Med, 2022. 11(7).
[49] Svensson, K.A., et al., Usability and inter-rater reliability of the NeuroMotion app: A tool in General Movements Assessments. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2021. 33: 29-35.
[50] Einspieler, C., R. Peharz, and P.B. Marschik, Fidgety movements–tiny in appearance, but huge in impact. J Pediatr. 2016; 92: 64-70.
[51] Einspieler, C., et al.. Association of infants exposed to prenatal zika virus infection with their clinical, neurologic, and developmental status evaluated via the general movement assessment tool. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2(1): e187235.
[52] Silva, N., et al., The future of General Movement Assessment: The role of computer vision and machine learning–A scoping review. Res Dev Disabil. 2021; 110: 103854.
[53] Marschik, P.B., et al., Mobile Solutions for Clinical Surveillance and Evaluation in Infancy—General Movement Apps. J Clin Med. 2023; 12(10): 3576.
[54] Einspieler, C., et al., Cerebral palsy: Early markers of clinical phenotype and functional outcome. J Clin Med. 2019; 8(10).