CAR-T Cells: An Innovative Therapeutic Strategy Against Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract

Letter to the Editor

References
[1] Li Y, Zhu R, Mi L, Cao Y, Yao D. Segmentation of white blood cell from acute lymphoblastic leukemia images using dual-threshold method. Comput Math Methods Med. 2016;2016:1-12.

[2] Sun W, Malvar J, Sposto R, Verma A, Wilkes JJ, Dennis R, et al. Outcome of children with multiply relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a therapeutic advances in childhood leukemia & lymphoma study. Leukemia. 2018: 32(11):2316-2325.

[3] Kato M, Manabe A. Treatment and biology of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Int. 2018;60(1):4-12.

[4] Hunger SP, Lu X, Devidas M, Camitta BM, Gaynon PS, Winick NJ, et al. Improved survival for children and
adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia between 1990 and 2005: a report from the children’s oncology group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(14):1663-1669.

[5] Hunger SP, Mullighan CG. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(16):1541-52.

[6] Pehlivan KC, Duncan BB, Lee DW. CAR-T Cell Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Transforming the Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory Disease. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2018: 13(5):396-406.

[7] Jayachandran D, Rundell AE, Hannemann RE, Vik TA, Ramkrishna D. Optimal chemotherapy for leukemia: a model-based strategy for individualized treatment. PloS one. 2014;9(10):e109623.

[8] Ness KK, Armenian SH, Kadan-Lottick N, Gurney JG. Adverse effects of treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: general overview and implications for long-term cardiac health. Expert Rev Hematol. 2011;4(2):185-97.

[9] Leahy AB, Elgarten CW, Grupp SA, Maude SL, Teachey DT. Tisagenlecleucel for the treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2018; 18(10):959-971.

[10] Fry TJ, Shah NN, Orentas RJ, Stetler-Stevenson M, Yuan CM, Ramakrishna S, et al. CD22-targeted CAR T cells induce remission in B-ALL that is naive or resistant to CD19-targeted CAR immunotherapy. Nat Med. 2018;24(1):20-28.

[11] Amrolia PJ, Wynn R, Hough R, Vora A, Bonney D, Veys P, et al. Simultaneous Targeting of CD19 and CD22: Phase I Study of AUTO3, a Bicistronic Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy, in Pediatric Patients with Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (r/r B-ALL): Amelia Study. Am Soc Hematology; 2018; 132(1 Suppl):279-279.

[12] Schultz LM, Davis KL, Baggott C, Chaudry C, Marcy AC, Mavroukakis S, et al. Phase 1 Study of CD19/CD22 Bispecific Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Therapy in Children and Young Adults with B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Am Soc Hematology; 2018; 132(1 Suppl):898-898.

[13] Das RK, Storm J, Barrett DM. T cell dysfunction in pediatric cancer patients at diagnosis and after chemotherapy can limit chimeric antigen receptor potential. AACR; 2018; 78(13 Suppl):1-1.

[14] Grupp SA, Maude SL, Rives S, Baruchel A, Boyer MW, Bittencourt H, et al. Updated Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Tisagenlecleucel in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients with Relapsed/Refractory (r/r) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Am Soc Hematology; 2018; 132(Suppl 1):895-895.

[15] Prasad V. Immunotherapy: Tisagenlecleucel—the first approved CAR-T-cell therapy: implications for payers and policy makers. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(1):11-12.

[16] Yu TTL, Gupta P, Ronfard V, Vertès AA, Bayon Y. Recent progress in European advanced therapy medicinal products and beyond. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2018;6:130.

[17] Boyer MW. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy hits the market. Immunotherapy. 2018; 10(11):911-912.

[18] och DLBCL OA. EU-kommissionen godkänner Novartis’ CAR-T-cellbehandling Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel) [available from: https://www.ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2018/car-t-cell-therapy-inlymphoma/].

[19] Helwick C. CAR T-Cell Therapy in Lymphoma: Challenges Come With Success [available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/2018/11/first-children-with-cancer-to-begin-treatment-with-revolutionarycar-t-therapy/].

[20] Zheng P-P, Kros JM, Li J. Approved CAR T cell therapies: ice bucket challenges on glaring safety risks and long-term impacts. Drug Discov Today. 2018; 23(6):1175-1182.

[21] Whittington MD, McQueen R, Ollendorf DA, et al. Long-term survival and value of chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy for pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory leukemia. JAMA Pediatr. 2018; 172(12):1161-1168.

[22] Thomas X, Paubelle E. Tisagenlecleucel-T for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Expert opinion on biological therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018; 18(11):1095-1106.

[23] Mahadeo K, Khazal S, Abdel-Azim H, Fitzgerald J, Taraseviciute A, Bollard C, et al. Management guidelines for paediatric patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018; 16(1):45-63.

[24] England SS. NHS England to fund CAR-T for childhood leukaemia. PharmacoEconomics & Outcomes News. 2018;812:37-22. available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/2018/11/first-children-with-cancerto-begin treatment-with-revolutionary-car-t-therapy/