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Hegazy, A. A. (2024). A new look at the theoretical causes of endometriosis: Narrative review. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (IJRM), 22(5), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v22i5.16433
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v22i5.16433
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Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy
Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa City, Jordan.
Published Date
- Jul 2, 2024
A new look at the theoretical causes of endometriosis: Narrative review
Abstract
Endometriosis is a major health concern in women who have it. Unfortunately, there is no definitive cure except panhysterectomy with its sequelae including induction of premature menopause due to loss of ovaries. Therefore, revealing the causes of this puzzling disease is necessary to avoid contracting it, and to spare women the health disorders resulting from it and the difficulties of treating it. We aimed to study endometriosis with a focus on its theoretical causes. Its classification reports and theories of pathogenesis were identified and studied from available database searches. The causes of endometriosis remain mysterious. Many theories have been proposed to explain the etiology, but retrograde menstruation (RM) remains the closest in this regard. Although this theory is the most accepted in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, its causes are still a matter of debate, especially in women who do not suffer from obstructions to menstrual outflows, such as cases of congenital cervical stenosis and imperforate hymen. It is suggested in some studies that there may be a relationship between women who engage in sexual activity during menstruation and the development of endometriosis. It is concluded that endometriosis is a painful and debilitating disease. Identifying its causes is essential to control the disease and avoid any burdens on health. RM is the main theory for its pathogenesis but its causes are still uncertain. Sexual activity during menstruation may be a possible cause of RM but needs more evidence. Future studies are recommended to reveal all aspects of the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Key words: Sexual behavior, Endometrioma, Menstruation, Retrograde, Painful, fertility.
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[3] Eskenazi B, Warner ML. Epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1997; 24: 235–258.
[4] Mollazadeh S, Sadeghzadeh Oskouei B, Kamalifard M, Mirghafourvand M, Aminisani N, Jafari Shobeiri M. Association between sexual activity during menstruation and endometriosis: A case-control study. Int J Fertil Steril 2019; 13: 230–235.
[5] Bulun SE. Endometriosis caused by retrograde menstruation: Now demonstrated by DNA evidence. Fertil Steril 2022; 118: 535–536.
[6] Hegazy AA. Clinical embryology for medical students and postgraduate doctors. UK: Lambert Academic Publishing; 2014.
[7] Hegazy AA, Hegazy RA, Omar MM. Light and electron microscopic study of the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) of the adult albino rat. Zag Univ Med J 2002; 8: 135–152.
[8] Ahuja B. Ectopic endometrium- spectrum of ultrasound findings. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017; 43: S128-S129.
[9] Ameer MA, Fagan SE, Sosa-Stanley JN, Peterson DC. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Uterus. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
[10] Paul PG, Gulati G, Shintre H, Mannur S, Paul G, Mehta S. Extrauterine adenomyoma: A review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 228: 130–136.
[11] Lamceva J, Uljanovs R, Strumfa I. The main theories on the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24: 4254.
[12] Sourial S, Tempest N, Hapangama DK. Theories on the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Int J Reprod Med 2014; 2014: 179515.
[13] Vilella F, Wang W, Moreno I, Quake SR, Simon C. Understanding the human endometrium in the 21st century. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225: 1–2.
[14] Lee S-Y, Koo YJ, Lee DH. Classification of endometriosis. Yeungnam Univ J Med 2021; 38: 10–18.
[15] Soliman AM, Surrey ES, Bonafede M, Nelson JK, Vora JB, Agarwal SK. Health care utilization and costs associated with endometriosis among women with Medicaid Insurance. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2019; 25: 566–572.
[16] Saunders PTK, Horne AW. Endometriosis: Etiology, pathobiology, and therapeutic prospects. Cell 2021; 184: 2807–2824.
[17] Rocha AL, Reis FM, Taylor RN. Angiogenesis and endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013; 2013: 859619.
[18] Hunsche E, Gauthier M, Witherspoon B, Rakov V, Agarwal SK. Endometriosis symptoms and their impacts on the daily lives of US women: Results from an interview study. Int J Womens Health 2023; 15: 893–904.
[19] Nnoaham KE, Hummelshoj L, Webster P, d’Hooghe T, de Cicco Nardone F, de Cicco Nardone C, et al. Impact of endometriosis on quality of life and work productivity: A multicenter study across ten countries. Fertil Steril 2011; 96: 366–373.
[20] Kvaskoff M, Mu F, Terry KL, Harris HR, Poole EM, Farland L, et al. Endometriosis: A high-risk population for major chronic diseases? Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21: 500–516.
[21] Acién P, Velasco I. Endometriosis: A disease that remains enigmatic. ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013: 242149.
[22] Hegazy AA. Is there any mean to postpone the menopausal ovarian senescence? Int J Fertil Steril 2020; 13: 346–347.
[23] Vercellini P, Viganò P, Somigliana E, Fedele L. Endometriosis: Pathogenesis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10: 261–275.
[24] Zandbaf T, Kalantari ME, Ahmadyar S, Esparham A. Endometriosis as a rare cause of small bowel obstruction. Front Emerg Med 2023; 7: e21.
[25] D’Hooghe TM, Debrock S. Endometriosis, retrograde menstruation and peritoneal inflammation in women and in baboons. Hum Reprod Update 2002; 8: 84–88.
[26] Filer RB, Wu CH. Coitus during menses. Its effect on endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease. J Reprod Med 1989; 34: 887–890.
[27] Liu DT, Hitchcock A. Endometriosis: Its association with retrograde menstruation, dysmenorrhoea and tubal pathology. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 859–862.
[28] Chapron Ch, Marcellin L, Borghese B, Santulli P. Rethinking mechanisms, diagnosis and management of endometriosis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15: 666–682.
[29] Imperiale L, Nisolle M, Noël JC, Fastrez M. Three types of endometriosis: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. State of the Art. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 994.
[30] Nisolle M, Donnez J. Peritoneal endometriosis, ovarian endometriosis, and adenomyotic nodules of the rectovaginal septum are three different entities. Fertil Steril 1997; 68: 585–596.
[31] Cornillie FJ, Oosterlynck D, Lauweryns JM, Koninckx PR. Deeply infiltrating pelvic endometriosis: Histology and clinical significance. Fertil Steril 1990; 53: 978–983.
[32] Adamson GD. Endometriosis classification: An update. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2011; 23: 213–220.
[33] Baranov V, Malysheva O, Yarmolinskaya M. Pathogenomics of endometriosis development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19: 1852.
[34] Sampson JA. Heterotopic or misplaced endometrial tissue. Am J Obst Gynecol 1925; 10: 649–664.
[35] D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Suleman MA, Dunselman GA, Evers HL, Koninckx PR. Development of a model of retrograde menstruation in baboons (Papio anubis). Fertil Steril 1994; 62: 635–638.
[36] Dehoux J-P, Defrère S, Squifflet J, Donnez O, Polet R, Mestdagt M, et al. Is the baboon model appropriate for endometriosis studies? Fertil Steril 2011; 96: 728–733.
[37] Sanfilippo JS, Wakim NG, Schikler KN, Yussman MA. Endometriosis in association with uterine anomaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154: 39–43.
[38] Burney RO, Giudice LC. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2012; 98: 511–519.
[39] Rei C, Williams T, Feloney M. Endometriosis in a man as a rare source of abdominal pain: A case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2018; 2018: 2083121.
[40] Brosens I, Brosens J, Benagiano G. Neonatal uterine bleeding as antecedent of pelvic endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2013; 28: 2893–2897.
[41] Konrad L, Dietze R, Kudipudi PK, Horné F, Meinhold- Heerlein I. Endometriosis in MRKH cases as a proof for the coelomic metaplasia hypothesis? Reproduction 2019; 158: R41-R47.
[42] Chen N, Song S, Bao X, Zhu L. Update on Mayer- Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Front Med 2022; 16: 859–872.
[43] Signorile PG, Viceconte R, Baldi A. New insights in pathogenesis of endometriosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 879015.
[44] Sampson JA. Metastatic or embolic endometriosis, due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the venous circulation. Am J Pathol 1927; 3: 93–110.
[45] Yao J, Zheng H, Nie H, Li CF, Zhang W, Wang JJ. Endometriosis of the lung: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11: 4326–4333.
[46] Wang Y, Nicholes K, Shih IM. The origin and pathogenesis of endometriosis. Annu Rev Pathol 2020; 15: 71–95.
[47] Deane JA, Gualano RC, Gargett CE. Regenerating endometrium from stem/progenitor cells: Is it abnormal in endometriosis, Asherman’s syndrome and infertility? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2013; 25: 193–200.
[48] Salamonsen LA, Hutchison JC, Gargett CE. Cyclical endometrial repair and regeneration. Development 2021; 148: dev199577.
[49] Sinaii N, Cleary SD, Ballweg ML, Nieman LK, Stratton P. High rates of autoimmune and endocrine disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and atopic diseases among women with endometriosis: A survey analysis. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 2715–2724.
[50] Sikora J, Mielczarek-Palacz A, Kondera-Anasz Z. Role of natural killer cell activity in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18: 200–208.
[51] Abramiuk M, Grywalska E, Malkowska P, Sierawska O, Hrynkiewicz R, Niedzwiedzka-Rystwej P. The role of the immune system in the development of endometriosis. Cells 2022; 11: 2028.
[52] Chantalat E, Valera MC, Vaysse C, Noirrit E, Rusidze M, Weyl A, et al. Estrogen receptors and endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 2815.
[53] Marquardt RM, Kim TH, Shin JH, Jeong JW. Progesterone and estrogen signaling in the endometrium: What goes wrong in endometriosis? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20: 3822.
[54] Attia GR, Zeitoun K, Edwards D, Johns A, Carr BR, Bulun SE. Progesterone receptor isoform A but not B is expressed in endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2897– 2902.
[55] Raja MHR, Farooqui N, Zuberi N, Ashraf M, Azhar A, Baig R, et al. Endometriosis, infertility and MicroRNA’s: A review. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2021; 50: 102157.
[56] Coiplet E, Courbiere B, Agostini A, Boubli L, Bretelle F, Netter A. Endometriosis and environmental factors: A critical review. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2022; 51: 102418.
[57] Martínez-Zamora MA, Mattioli L, Parera J, Abad E, Coloma JL, van Babel B, et al. Increased levels of dioxin-like substances in adipose tissue in patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2015; 30: 1059– 1068.
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