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https://doi.org/10.18502/gespr.v5i1.16588
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Ali Nazar
Ali Nazar
Faculty of Education, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Rita Nasrallah
Rita Nasrallah
Faculty of Education, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Published Date
- Jul 16, 2024
Uncovering Homeschooling in Lebanon: A Qualitative-Phenomenological Exploration of Homeschooling Realities from Parental and Educational Sector Stakeholders Perspectives
Abstract
Despite the global trend toward the legalization of homeschooling, it remains illegal in Lebanon. This study aims to explore the multifaceted realities of homeschooling in Lebanon and the motives driving its adoption according to homeschooled children’s parents, and the perspectives of educational stakeholders in Lebanon on homeschooling. The study participants included 10 parents homeschooling their children and three public-sector education experts. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups with parents, and document analysis. For the homeschooling experience and its motives from parental perspectives, seven key themes were identified: (1) Factors to consider in homeschooling, (2) Motives behind homeschooling, (3) Effects of homeschooling, (4) Curriculum selection, (5) Child’s interaction with the homeschooling experience, (6) Homeschooling outcomes, and (7) Parents’ agreement on homeschooling their child. Four themes emerged from the discussions with the stakeholders: (1) The legal status of homeschooling in Lebanon, (2) The lack of studies or reports on homeschooling in Lebanon, (3) The stakeholders’ approach to homeschooling, and (4) The eventual legislation of homeschooling in Lebanon. The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for legal frameworks that accommodate homeschooling, suggesting its potential to diversify and enrich Lebanon’s educational landscape.
Keywords:
Homeschooling, Education, Lebanon, Parents
References
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[13] Hanna, L. G. (2012). Homeschooling education: Longitudinal study of methods, materials, and curricula. Education and Urban Society, 44(5), 609– 631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124511404886
[14] Haugbolle, S. (2007). Review of a modern history of Lebanon. Arab Studies Journal, 15(1), 143–147.
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[29] Murphy, J. (1968). Religion, the state, and education in England. History of Education Quarterly, 8(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.2307/366984
[30] Murphy, J. (2012). Homeschooling in America: Capturing and assessing the movement. Corwin Press.
[31] OHCHR. (1966). International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/ instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-culturalrights
[32] Ray, B. (2015). African American homeschool parents’ motivations for homeschooling and their Black children’s academic achievement. Journal of School Choice, 9(1), 71– 96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2015.998966
[33] Ray, B. D. (2016). Research facts on homeschooling. National Home Education Research Institute. https://www.nheri.org/research-facts-on-homeschooling/
[34] Ray, B. D. (2017). A systematic review of the empirical research on selected aspects of homeschooling as a school choice. Journal of School Choice, 11(4), 604– 621. https://doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2017.1395638
[35] Ray, B. D. (2010). Academic achievement and demographic traits of homeschool students: A nationwide study. Academic Leadership: The Online Journal, 8(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.58809/QPJR6206
[36] Redford, J., Battle, D., & Bielick, S. (2017). Homeschooling in the United States: 2012. National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2016/2016096rev.pdf
[37] Rudner, L. M. (1999). Scholastic achievement and demographic characteristics of home school students in 1998. Education Policy Analysis Archives (EPAA), 7(8), 33. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/usf_EPAA/344
[38] Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2003). SAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research. SAGE Publications, Inc.
[39] UAE Government. (2021). Home-schooling stream. The Official Portal of the UAE Government. https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/education/continuous-integratededucation/ home-schooling-stream
[40] United Nations Economic and Social Council. (2008). Education for all by 2015. Will we make it? UNESCO, Global Education Monitoring Report.
[41] Victoria, A. (2018). Definition of education. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28857. 06244
[42] Wang, K., Rathbun, A., & Musu, L. (2019). School Choice in the United States: 2019 (NCES 2019-106). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019106.pdf
[43] Wierzejski, A., & Boratyńska, Z. (2018). Home-schooling systems. Ministry of Education: Center for Research on Education Policy.
[44] Zalzali, H. (2020, January 24). Homeschooling without legislation: Experiences awaiting institutionalization. Al-Akhbar.
[2] Baig, M. (2019). To study the impact of homeschooling on students’ achievements—A simple literature review. International Journal of Science and Research, 8(5), 1761– 1763.
[3] Barwegen, L. M., Falciani, N. K., Putnam, S. J., Reamer, M. B., & Stair, E. E. (2004). Academic achievement of homeschool and public school students and student perception of parent involvement. School Community Journal, 14(1), 39–58.
[4] Boulayan, B. (2009). Al-Inhiraf Al-Ijtima’i w Al-Jarima [Social Deviance and Crime]. E-Kutub Ltd.
[5] Cavan, L. R. (2017). Homeschooling in Alaska: Parent perceptions and homeschool regulations. University of Alaska Fairbanks.
[6] Collom, E. (2005). The ins and outs of homeschooling: The determinants of parental motivations and student achievement. Education and Urban Society, 37(3), 307– 335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124504274190
[7] Erin, O’Donnell, E. (2020, May–June). The risks of homeschooling? Harvard Magazine. https://www.harvardmagazine.com/node/70785
[8] European Court of Human Rights. (2022). Guide on Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 – Right to Education. European Court of Human Rights.
[9] Gaither, M. (Ed.). (2017). The Wiley handbook of home education. Wiley Blackwell.
[10] Glenn, C. L. (2011). Contrasting models of state and school. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350091313
[11] Grendler, P. F. (1984). The schools of Christian doctrine in sixteenth-century Italy. Church History, 53(3), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.2307/3166272
[12] Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research (N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, Ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
[13] Hanna, L. G. (2012). Homeschooling education: Longitudinal study of methods, materials, and curricula. Education and Urban Society, 44(5), 609– 631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124511404886
[14] Haugbolle, S. (2007). Review of a modern history of Lebanon. Arab Studies Journal, 15(1), 143–147.
[15] Hertzel, J. (1997). Literacy in the homeschool setting. In P. H. Dreyer (Ed.), Literacy: Building on what we know (pp. 61–81). Claremont.
[16] Home School Legal Defense Association. (2019). Germany: Legal status and resources on homeschooling in Germany. Home School Legal Defense Association. https://hslda.org/post/germany
[17] Home School Legal Defense Association. (2024). International | Homeschooling in your country. Home School Legal Defense Association. https://hslda.org/legal/international
[18] International Commission on the Futures of Education. (2021). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education. UNESCO.
[19] Koons, C. (2010). Education on the home front: Home education in the European Union and the need for unified European policy. Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, 20(1), 145–174. https://doi.org/10.18060/17623
[20] Kunzman, R., & Gaither, M. (2013). Homeschooling. An Updated Comprehensive Survey of the Research, 2(1), 4–59.
[21] Kunzman, R., & Gaither, M. (2020). Homeschooling: A comprehensive survey of the research. Other Education: The Journal of Educational Alternatives, 2(1), 4–59.
[22] Lebanese Educational Center for Research and Development. (2004). Educational development in Lebanon at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Ministry of Education.
[23] Linda, L., & Gary, G. (2002, May 7). Homeschooling: Expanding its ranks and reputation. Gallup.Com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/5941/Homeschooling-Expanding- Its-Ranks-Reputation.aspx
[24] Martin-Chang, S., Gould, O. N., & Meuse, R. E. (2011). The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from homeschooled and traditionally schooled students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 43(3), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022697
[25] Medlin, R. G., & Blackmer, R. E. (2000, April 10). Academic intrinsic motivation in homeschooled children. National Home Education Research Institute. https://www.nheri.org/home-school-researcher-academic-intrinsic-motivationin- homeschooled-children/
[26] Ministry of Education (2022) تعميم رقم (344) / لسنة 2022 - برنامج الدراسات المنزلية 2022-2023 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education. https://moe.gov.jo/node/85216
[27] Ministry of Education and Higher Education. (2023) التسجيل الإلكتروني لطلبة التعليم الكبار Ministry of Education and Higher Education. https://eduservices.edu.gov.qa/Service.aspx?service=EnrollHomeStudent
[28] Montes, G. (2006). Do parental reasons to homeschool vary by grade? Evidence from the National Household Education Survey, 2001. Home School Researcher, 16(4), 11–17.
[29] Murphy, J. (1968). Religion, the state, and education in England. History of Education Quarterly, 8(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.2307/366984
[30] Murphy, J. (2012). Homeschooling in America: Capturing and assessing the movement. Corwin Press.
[31] OHCHR. (1966). International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/ instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-culturalrights
[32] Ray, B. (2015). African American homeschool parents’ motivations for homeschooling and their Black children’s academic achievement. Journal of School Choice, 9(1), 71– 96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2015.998966
[33] Ray, B. D. (2016). Research facts on homeschooling. National Home Education Research Institute. https://www.nheri.org/research-facts-on-homeschooling/
[34] Ray, B. D. (2017). A systematic review of the empirical research on selected aspects of homeschooling as a school choice. Journal of School Choice, 11(4), 604– 621. https://doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2017.1395638
[35] Ray, B. D. (2010). Academic achievement and demographic traits of homeschool students: A nationwide study. Academic Leadership: The Online Journal, 8(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.58809/QPJR6206
[36] Redford, J., Battle, D., & Bielick, S. (2017). Homeschooling in the United States: 2012. National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2016/2016096rev.pdf
[37] Rudner, L. M. (1999). Scholastic achievement and demographic characteristics of home school students in 1998. Education Policy Analysis Archives (EPAA), 7(8), 33. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/usf_EPAA/344
[38] Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2003). SAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research. SAGE Publications, Inc.
[39] UAE Government. (2021). Home-schooling stream. The Official Portal of the UAE Government. https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/education/continuous-integratededucation/ home-schooling-stream
[40] United Nations Economic and Social Council. (2008). Education for all by 2015. Will we make it? UNESCO, Global Education Monitoring Report.
[41] Victoria, A. (2018). Definition of education. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28857. 06244
[42] Wang, K., Rathbun, A., & Musu, L. (2019). School Choice in the United States: 2019 (NCES 2019-106). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019106.pdf
[43] Wierzejski, A., & Boratyńska, Z. (2018). Home-schooling systems. Ministry of Education: Center for Research on Education Policy.
[44] Zalzali, H. (2020, January 24). Homeschooling without legislation: Experiences awaiting institutionalization. Al-Akhbar.