Download fulltext
HTML
https://doi.org/10.18502/gespr.v4i2.15138
statistics
- 213 Abstract Views
- 66 PDF Views
- 0 HTML Views
authors
-
Nuray Ozturk
Nuray Ozturk
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
-
Syeda Zakia Hossain
Syeda Zakia Hossain
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
-
Martin Mackey
Martin Mackey
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
-
Patrick Brennan
Patrick Brennan
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
-
Patrick Brennan
Patrick Brennan
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
-
Adam Shukri
Adam Shukri
Faculty of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Science University, RAK, UAE
Published Date
- Jan 31, 2024
Cervical Cancer Awareness and Screening Practices Amongst Women in Ras Al-Khaimah, UAE and Migrant Women in Sydney, Australia
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the UAE and the fourteenth most common cancer among women in Australia (Sung et al., 2021). Despite the introduction of vaccinations and cervical screening programs in both countries, Emirati and non-Emirati women living in Ras Al Khaimah and migrant women living in Sydney still face significant health disparities when accessing cervical cancer screening services. Currently, there is a lack of literature examining the obstacles to and facilitators of cervical screening among these groups of women. This study aimed to better understand the knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and factors that hinder or promote access to cervical screening among these groups, which is crucial if healthcare professionals and policymakers are to deliver culturally sensitive services. This study was conducted in Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) and Sydney. The results identified several barriers to cervical cancer screening participation, including lack of knowledge, emotional, cultural, religious and psychological barriers, and organizational factors. The findings have implications for policies to address these barriers and encourage women to participate in health awareness initiatives and screening services.
Keywords:
Cervical cancer, Screening practice, Migrant Women, Awareness
References
[1] Abu-Gheida, I., Nijhawan, N. A., & Al-Shamsi, H. O. (2021). Oncology care in the UAE. Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World, 521–538.
[2] Abdullahi, A., Copping, J., Kessel, A., Luck, M., & Bonell, C. (2009). Cervical screening: Perceptions and barriers to uptake among Somali women in Camden. Public Health, 123(10), 680–685.
[3] Adegboyega, A., & Hatcher, J. (2017). Factors influencing pap screening use among African immigrant women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 28(5), 479–487.
[4] Alam, Z., Dean, J. A., & Janda, M. (2022). What do South Asian immigrant women know about HPV, cervical cancer and its early detection: A cross-sectional Australian study. Journal of Migration and Health, 5, 100102.
[5] Al-Hammadi, F. A., Al-Tahri, F., Al-Ali, A., Nair, S. C., & Abdulrahman, M. (2017). Limited understanding of pap smear testing among women, a barrier to cervical cancer screening in the United Arab Emirates. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP, 18(12), 3379.
[6] Al-Shamsi, H. O. (2022). The state of cancer care in the United Arab Emirates in 2022. Clinics and Practice, 12(6), 955–985. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract12060101
[7] Alwahaibi, N., Alsalami, W., Alramadhani, N., & Alzaabi, A. (2018). Factors influencing knowledge and practice regarding cervical cancer and pap smear testing among Omani women. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 19(12), 3367–3374. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.12.3367
[8] Anaman-Torgbor, J. A., King, J., & Correa-Velez, I. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of cervical cancer screening practices among African immigrant women living in Brisbane, Australia. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 31, 22–29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2017.09.005
[9] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2018). Cancer in Australia: Actual incidence data from 1982 to 2013 and mortality data from 1982 to 2014 with projections to 2017. Asia?Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 14(1), 5–15.
[10] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2018). Cervical screening in Australia 2018. Cat. No. CAN 111. Canberra: AIHW; 2018. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer-screening/cervical-screening-inaustralia- 2018/contents/table-of-contents
[11] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2019). Cervical screening in Australia 2019. Cancer series no. 123. Cat. No. CAN 124. Canberra: AIHW.
[12] Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Permanent migrants in Australia. ABS. Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-andcommunities/ permanent-migrants-australia/latest-release
[13] Cancer Council. (2023). Cervical cancer prevention policy. Cancer Council.
[14] Chang, S. C., Woo, J. S., Gorzalka, B. B., & Brotto, L. A. (2010). A questionnaire study of cervical cancer screening beliefs and practices of Chinese and Caucasian Mother- Daughter Pairs Living in Canada. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 32(3), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34452-8
[15] Cullerton, K., Gallegos, D., Ashley, E., Do, H., Voloschenko, A., Fleming, M., Ramsey, R., & Gould, T. (2016). Cancer screening education: Can it change knowledge and attitudes among culturally and linguistically diverse communities in Queensland, Australia?: Cancer screening education in CALD communities. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 27(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1071/he15116
[16] Department of Health – Abu Dhabi. (2022). Cervical cancer screening program requirements – March 2022. Department of Health – Abu Dhabi.
[17] Ekechi, C., Olaitan, A., Ellis, R., Koris, J., Amajuoyi, A., & Marlow, L. A. (2014). Knowledge of cervical cancer and attendance at cervical cancer screening: A survey of Black women in London. BMC Public Health, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458- 14-1096
[18] Guvenc G. Akyuz A. Ikel CH. (2011). Health belief model scale for cervical cancer and Pap smear test: Psychometric testing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, 428–437.
[19] HPV informatics. (2023). United Arab Emirates. Human papillomavirus and related cancers, fact sheet 2023. Available from: https://hpvcentre.net/datastatistics.php.
[20] Jackowska, M., von Wagner, C., Wardle, J., Juszczyk, D., Luszczynska, A., & Waller, J. (2012). Cervical screening among migrant women: a qualitative study of Polish, Slovak and Romanian women in London, UK. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 38(4), 229–238.
[21] Jassim, G., Obeid, A., & Al Nasheet, H. A. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer and screening among women visiting primary health care Centres in Bahrain. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018- 5023-7
[22] Khan, S., & Woolhead, G. (2015). Perspectives on cervical cancer screening among educated Muslim women in Dubai (the UAE): A qualitative study. BMC Women’s Health, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0252-8
[23] Kwok, C., & Lim, D. (2016). Evaluation of a culturally tailored education to promote breast and cervical cancer screening among Chinese-Australian women. Journal of Cancer Education, 31(3), 595–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0859-3
[24] Kwok, C., White, K., & Roydhouse, J. K. (2011). Chinese-Australian women’s knowledge, facilitators and barriers related to cervical cancer screening: A qualitative study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 13(6), 1076–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-011-9491-4
[25] Lofters, A. K., Moineddin, R., Hwang, S. W., & Glazier, R. H. (2011). Predictors of low cervical cancer screening among immigrant women in Ontario, Canada. BMC Women’s Health, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-11-20
[26] Ma, G., Gao,W., Fang, C. Y., Tan, Y., Feng, Z., Ge, S., & Nguyen, J. A. (2013). Health beliefs associated with cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese Americans. Journal of Women’s Health, 22(3), 276–288.
[27] Marlow, L. A. V., Waller, J., & Wardle, J. (2015). Barriers to cervical cancer screening among ethnic minority women: A qualitative study. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 41(4), 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2014-101082
[28] Metwali, Z., Al Kindi, F., Shanbleh, S., Al Akshar, S., & Sarhan, F. (2015). Evaluating awareness and screening of cervical cancer among women in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 5(2), 57–64.
[29] Ndukwe, E. G., Williams, K. P., & Sheppard, V. (2013). Knowledge and perspectives of breast and cervical cancer screening among female African immigrants in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. Journal of Cancer Education, 28(4), 748–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-013-0521-x
[30] Ogunsiji, O., Wilkes, L., Peters, K., & Jackson, D. (2013). Knowledge, attitudes and usage of cancer screening among West African migrant women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(7–8), 1026–1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12063
[31] Power, R., Ussher, J. M., Hawkey, A., Missiakos, O., Perz, J., Ogunsiji, O., Zonjic, N., Kwok, C., McBride, K., & Monteiro, M. (2022). Co-designed, culturally tailored cervical screening education with migrant and refugee women in Australia: A feasibility study. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01936-2
[32] Qian, Y. J., Hossain, S. Z., & Clarke, J. (2020). The knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer among south and south-east Asian migrant women, living in Sydney [Unpublished Honours thesis, University of Sydney].
[33] Robison, K., Clark, L., Eng, W., Wu, L., Raker, C., Clark, M., Tejada-Berges, T., & Dizon, D. S. (2014). Cervical cancer prevention: Asian-American women’s knowledge and participation in screening practices. Women’s Health Issues, 24(2), e231–e236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2013.12.005
[34] Smith, M., & Canfell, K. (2016). Impact of the Australian National Cervical Screening Program on women of different ages. Medical Journal of Australia, 205(8), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja16.00289
[35] Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
[36] Uysal Toraman, A., & Yildirim, N. (2018). Knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors and practices of pap testing among Turkish immigrant women in theUnited States. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 20(5), 1222–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-017-0653-x
[37] Vahabi, M., & Lofters, A. (2016). Muslim immigrant women’s views on cervical cancer screening and HPV self-sampling in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3564-1
[38] World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. World Health Organization.
[39] World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Accelerating the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem: Towards achieving 90–70–90 targets by 2030 (No. SEA/RC75/12). World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia.
[2] Abdullahi, A., Copping, J., Kessel, A., Luck, M., & Bonell, C. (2009). Cervical screening: Perceptions and barriers to uptake among Somali women in Camden. Public Health, 123(10), 680–685.
[3] Adegboyega, A., & Hatcher, J. (2017). Factors influencing pap screening use among African immigrant women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 28(5), 479–487.
[4] Alam, Z., Dean, J. A., & Janda, M. (2022). What do South Asian immigrant women know about HPV, cervical cancer and its early detection: A cross-sectional Australian study. Journal of Migration and Health, 5, 100102.
[5] Al-Hammadi, F. A., Al-Tahri, F., Al-Ali, A., Nair, S. C., & Abdulrahman, M. (2017). Limited understanding of pap smear testing among women, a barrier to cervical cancer screening in the United Arab Emirates. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP, 18(12), 3379.
[6] Al-Shamsi, H. O. (2022). The state of cancer care in the United Arab Emirates in 2022. Clinics and Practice, 12(6), 955–985. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract12060101
[7] Alwahaibi, N., Alsalami, W., Alramadhani, N., & Alzaabi, A. (2018). Factors influencing knowledge and practice regarding cervical cancer and pap smear testing among Omani women. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 19(12), 3367–3374. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.12.3367
[8] Anaman-Torgbor, J. A., King, J., & Correa-Velez, I. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of cervical cancer screening practices among African immigrant women living in Brisbane, Australia. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 31, 22–29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2017.09.005
[9] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2018). Cancer in Australia: Actual incidence data from 1982 to 2013 and mortality data from 1982 to 2014 with projections to 2017. Asia?Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 14(1), 5–15.
[10] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2018). Cervical screening in Australia 2018. Cat. No. CAN 111. Canberra: AIHW; 2018. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer-screening/cervical-screening-inaustralia- 2018/contents/table-of-contents
[11] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2019). Cervical screening in Australia 2019. Cancer series no. 123. Cat. No. CAN 124. Canberra: AIHW.
[12] Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Permanent migrants in Australia. ABS. Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-andcommunities/ permanent-migrants-australia/latest-release
[13] Cancer Council. (2023). Cervical cancer prevention policy. Cancer Council.
[14] Chang, S. C., Woo, J. S., Gorzalka, B. B., & Brotto, L. A. (2010). A questionnaire study of cervical cancer screening beliefs and practices of Chinese and Caucasian Mother- Daughter Pairs Living in Canada. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 32(3), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34452-8
[15] Cullerton, K., Gallegos, D., Ashley, E., Do, H., Voloschenko, A., Fleming, M., Ramsey, R., & Gould, T. (2016). Cancer screening education: Can it change knowledge and attitudes among culturally and linguistically diverse communities in Queensland, Australia?: Cancer screening education in CALD communities. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 27(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1071/he15116
[16] Department of Health – Abu Dhabi. (2022). Cervical cancer screening program requirements – March 2022. Department of Health – Abu Dhabi.
[17] Ekechi, C., Olaitan, A., Ellis, R., Koris, J., Amajuoyi, A., & Marlow, L. A. (2014). Knowledge of cervical cancer and attendance at cervical cancer screening: A survey of Black women in London. BMC Public Health, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458- 14-1096
[18] Guvenc G. Akyuz A. Ikel CH. (2011). Health belief model scale for cervical cancer and Pap smear test: Psychometric testing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, 428–437.
[19] HPV informatics. (2023). United Arab Emirates. Human papillomavirus and related cancers, fact sheet 2023. Available from: https://hpvcentre.net/datastatistics.php.
[20] Jackowska, M., von Wagner, C., Wardle, J., Juszczyk, D., Luszczynska, A., & Waller, J. (2012). Cervical screening among migrant women: a qualitative study of Polish, Slovak and Romanian women in London, UK. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 38(4), 229–238.
[21] Jassim, G., Obeid, A., & Al Nasheet, H. A. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer and screening among women visiting primary health care Centres in Bahrain. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018- 5023-7
[22] Khan, S., & Woolhead, G. (2015). Perspectives on cervical cancer screening among educated Muslim women in Dubai (the UAE): A qualitative study. BMC Women’s Health, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0252-8
[23] Kwok, C., & Lim, D. (2016). Evaluation of a culturally tailored education to promote breast and cervical cancer screening among Chinese-Australian women. Journal of Cancer Education, 31(3), 595–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0859-3
[24] Kwok, C., White, K., & Roydhouse, J. K. (2011). Chinese-Australian women’s knowledge, facilitators and barriers related to cervical cancer screening: A qualitative study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 13(6), 1076–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-011-9491-4
[25] Lofters, A. K., Moineddin, R., Hwang, S. W., & Glazier, R. H. (2011). Predictors of low cervical cancer screening among immigrant women in Ontario, Canada. BMC Women’s Health, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-11-20
[26] Ma, G., Gao,W., Fang, C. Y., Tan, Y., Feng, Z., Ge, S., & Nguyen, J. A. (2013). Health beliefs associated with cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese Americans. Journal of Women’s Health, 22(3), 276–288.
[27] Marlow, L. A. V., Waller, J., & Wardle, J. (2015). Barriers to cervical cancer screening among ethnic minority women: A qualitative study. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 41(4), 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2014-101082
[28] Metwali, Z., Al Kindi, F., Shanbleh, S., Al Akshar, S., & Sarhan, F. (2015). Evaluating awareness and screening of cervical cancer among women in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 5(2), 57–64.
[29] Ndukwe, E. G., Williams, K. P., & Sheppard, V. (2013). Knowledge and perspectives of breast and cervical cancer screening among female African immigrants in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. Journal of Cancer Education, 28(4), 748–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-013-0521-x
[30] Ogunsiji, O., Wilkes, L., Peters, K., & Jackson, D. (2013). Knowledge, attitudes and usage of cancer screening among West African migrant women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(7–8), 1026–1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12063
[31] Power, R., Ussher, J. M., Hawkey, A., Missiakos, O., Perz, J., Ogunsiji, O., Zonjic, N., Kwok, C., McBride, K., & Monteiro, M. (2022). Co-designed, culturally tailored cervical screening education with migrant and refugee women in Australia: A feasibility study. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01936-2
[32] Qian, Y. J., Hossain, S. Z., & Clarke, J. (2020). The knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer among south and south-east Asian migrant women, living in Sydney [Unpublished Honours thesis, University of Sydney].
[33] Robison, K., Clark, L., Eng, W., Wu, L., Raker, C., Clark, M., Tejada-Berges, T., & Dizon, D. S. (2014). Cervical cancer prevention: Asian-American women’s knowledge and participation in screening practices. Women’s Health Issues, 24(2), e231–e236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2013.12.005
[34] Smith, M., & Canfell, K. (2016). Impact of the Australian National Cervical Screening Program on women of different ages. Medical Journal of Australia, 205(8), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja16.00289
[35] Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
[36] Uysal Toraman, A., & Yildirim, N. (2018). Knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors and practices of pap testing among Turkish immigrant women in theUnited States. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 20(5), 1222–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-017-0653-x
[37] Vahabi, M., & Lofters, A. (2016). Muslim immigrant women’s views on cervical cancer screening and HPV self-sampling in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3564-1
[38] World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. World Health Organization.
[39] World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Accelerating the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem: Towards achieving 90–70–90 targets by 2030 (No. SEA/RC75/12). World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia.