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https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v3i1.14487

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  • Richar Rodríguez-Hidalg

    Richar Rodríguez-Hidalg

    Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9338-1062
  • Tania Tinoco

    Tania Tinoco

    Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
  • Lenin Ron-Garrido

    Lenin Ron-Garrido

    Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
  • Ximena Perez-Otañez

    Ximena Perez-Otañez

    Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador

Published Date

  • Nov 9, 2023

Preliminary Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the GAVAC® Immunogen and the Rational Use of Acaricides as an Alternative for an Integrated Tick Control Program in Ecuador

ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. / Volume 3 Issue 1 / Pages 793–806

Abstract

Rhipicephalus microplus one of the ectoparasites with the most significant impact on livestock health and the economy in Ecuador and globally. Controlling ticks through chemical means has been demonstrated to be ineffective, resulting in acaricide resistance and increasing costs and health problems in tropical and subtropical livestock. Several tick control alternatives have been investigated to date, showing promising results under laboratory conditions but not in field applications. The use of multiple control alternatives in a comprehensive management plan for tick control has proven to be effective in reducing tick infestation. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of immunization with the Gavac® vaccine and its effect on the rational use of acaricides. The study aimed to establish the impact of immunization on the biotic potential of Rhipicephalus microplus, the level of infestation, and the frequency of acaricidal baths. In a pilot farm, 176 bovines were vaccinated, and 30 animals were observed every 15 days for eight months, resulting in 18 observations. Observationally, a significant reduction in tick load on animals was identified, as well as a reduction in the use of acaricides by less than 10% (1 bath) compared to the farm’s estimated use. On average, acaricidal baths were administered 23 days after vaccination. The study found a statistically significant decrease in the number of ticks on the animals, the weight of the eggs, and their hatching percentage after the inclusion of the vaccination program on the farm. However, no statistically significant effect on the weight of engorged ticks was observed. In conclusion, the Gavac® vaccine has a positive observational effect on controlling the presence of ticks in animals and a negative effect on their reproductive aspects.


Keywords: Rhipicephalus microplus; vaccine; bovines; acaricide control; integrated tick control program.


Resumen


Rhipicephalus microplus es considerado como uno de los ectoparásitos de mayor impacto sanitario y económico en las ganaderías del Ecuador y del mundo. En la actualidad, se ha demostrado que los métodos de control químico son poco eficientes y generan resistencias a los acaricidas en las garrapatas; aumentando los costos y los problemas sanitarios en las ganaderías tropicales y subtropicales. Hasta la presente fecha se han investigado varias alternativas de control para las garrapatas con buenos resultados en condiciones de laboratorio; no así, en su aplicación en el campo. El uso combinado y técnico de dos o más alternativas de control ha mostrado buenos resultados en la disminución de las garrapatas dentro de un “plan de manejo integral para el control de las garrapatas”. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la efectividad de la inmunización con la vacuna Gavac® y su efecto en el uso racional de acaricidas; estableciendo el impacto de la inmunización sobre el potencial biótico de Rh. microplus, el nivel de infestación y la frecuencia de los baños acaricidas. En una finca piloto se vacunaron a 176 bovinos; de los cuales, 30 animales fueron observados cada 15 días por 8 meses (18 observaciones). Observacionalmente, se identificó una reducción significativa de la carga de garrapatas en los animales; así como, una reducción del uso de acaricidas menor al 10% (1 baño) en comparación con lo estimado por la finca. El promedio por baño acaricida fue de 23 días tras la vacunación. Se obtuvo una disminución estadísticamente significativa en el número de garrapatas sobre los animales, el peso de los huevos y su porcentaje de eclosión tras la inclusión del programa en el predio. No se observó un efecto estadísticamente significativo en el peso de las garrapatas ingurgitadas. En conclusión, la vacuna tiene un efecto positivo observacional sobre el control de la presencia de las garrapatas en los animales y un efecto negativo en los aspectos reproductivos de las mismas.


Palabras Clave: Rhipicephalus microplus; vacuna; bovinos; control acaricida; plan de manejo integrado.

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