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JE Castro Jalca
JE Castro Jalca
Cátedra Hematología Clínica, Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Estatal Del Sur De Manabí (UNESUM), Jipijapa Ecuador, Km 1½ Vía Jipijapa-Noboa - Campus Los Ángeles, EC130650
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AM Castillo Holguín
AM Castillo Holguín
Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Estatal Del Sur De Manabí (UNESUM), Jipijapa Ecuador, Km 1½ Vía Jipijapa-Noboa - Campus Los Ángeles, EC130650
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YM Valle Zamora
YM Valle Zamora
Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Estatal Del Sur De Manabí (UNESUM), Jipijapa Ecuador, Km 1½ Vía Jipijapa-Noboa - Campus Los Ángeles, EC130650
Published Date
- Nov 9, 2023
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Blood Donors: An Investigation from the Endemicity. Non-systematic Review
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis, the most common parasitic disease in the world, which infects humans and animals. It is transmitted through cat feces through the process of excretion and ingestion of oocysts. Humans become infected by eating improperly washed vegetables, raw or undercooked meat, contaminated water, the soil or area where the cat defecates, or by transfusing infected blood. The study aims to identify, through scientific evidence, the seroprevalence of T. gondii in blood donors, considering its global endemicity. A non-systematic documentary review was used for searching articles worldwide on the topic of T. gondii seroprevalence in blood donors, in different databases such as SciELO, Google Academics, etc. A total of 27 articles that had the required information; grouping the seroprevalence results by region, obtained positive IgG and IgG + IgM. Calculating the prevalence, it was identified in Asia at 7.8%, America 32.8%, Africa 40.7%, Oceania 34%, and Europe 38.1%. In conclusion, it is convenient to carry out this type of study in each country to verify the prevalence and, in addition, to determine the incidence of infection in blood donors to calculate the risk of transmission.
Keywords: Toxoplasma, seroepidemiologic studies, antibodies, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, blood donors.
Resumen
Introducción: Toxoplasma gondii en un protozoo intracelular causante de la toxoplasmosis, la enfermedad parasitaria más frecuente del mundo la cual infecta a humanos y animales, se trasmite por medio de las heces de los gatos mediante el proceso de excreción e ingestión de los ooquistes. Los humanos se infectan al ingerir vegetales mal lavados, carne cruda o poco cocida, agua contaminada, el suelo o área donde defeca el gato, o al transfundir sangre infectada. Objetivo: identificar mediante evidencias científicas la seroprevalencia de T. gondii en donantes de sangre, considerando su endemicidad global. Metodología: se empleó una revisión no sistemática, documental realizando la búsqueda de artículos a nivel mundial del tema seroprevalencia de T. gondii en donantes de sangre, en diferentes bases como SciELO, Google Academics, etc. Resultados: un total de 27 artículos que contaron con la información requerida; agrupando los resultados de seroprevalencia por región, anticuerpos positivos IgG e IgG + IgM. Calculando la prevalencia se identificó, en Asia 7,8%; América 32,8%; África 40,7%; Oceanía 34% y Europa 38,1%. Conclusión: es conveniente realizar este tipo de estudio en cada país para comprobar la prevalencia y, además, determinar la incidencia de la infección en donantes de sangre para calcular el riesgo de transmisión.
Palabras Clave: Toxoplasma, estudios seroepidemiológicos, anticuerpos, inmunoglobulina G, inmunoglobulina M, donantes de sangre.
References
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[28] Moshfe A, Arefkhah N, Sarkari B, Kazemi S, Mardani A. Toxoplasma gondii in blood donors: A study in Boyer-Ahmad county, Southwest Iran. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2018 Apr;2018(4):3813612.
[29] Stephen S, Pradeep J, Anitharaj V, Janarthanam V. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in voluntary blood donors of Puducherry and surrounding districts of Tamil Nadu. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2017 Dec;41(4):1158–1161.
[30] Mohammad LM, Jasim SS. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM in healthy blood donors in Kirkuk city. Journal of University of Babylon for Pure and Applied Sciences.. 2017; 25:946-954. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330400982
[31] Molan AL, Ismaill H, Hatem H, Al-Bayati N. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in voluntary blood donors in Diyala Province, Iraq. American Journal of Life Science Researches. 2018; 6(4):188-193. Available from: http://www.diili.org/ojs- 2.4.6/index.php/ajlsr/index
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[34] Fernandez-Vasquez M. Seroprevalencia de toxoplasmosis en donantes de sangre del hospital de apoyo Tingo Maria 2017. [Disertacion Grado Especialista en Hemoterapia y Banco de Sangre]. Lima: Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Facultad de Tecnologia Medica. 2017. Available from: http://repositorio.unfv.edu.pe/handle/UNFV/2247
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[36] Ramirez AM, Rios YK, Galvis NF, Entrena E, Marino NV, Rangel DM, et al. Seroprevalencia y deteccion molecular de Toxoplasma gondii en donantes de un banco de sangre de Cucuta, Colombia. Biomedica. 2019 Aug;39(2 Supl. 2):144–156.
[37] Guevara I, Navarrete M, Lazo J. Deteccion de anticuerpos anti-toxoplasma gondii de tipo IgM, en hemocomponentes provenientes de donantes mujeres en el area de banco de sangre del Hospital Nacional San Juan de Dios de San Miguel. Periodo: August-September 2013. [Disertacion Grado Licenciado en Laboratorio Clinico]. San Miguel: Universidad de El Salvador, Facultad Multidisciplinaria Oriental, Departamento de Medicina. 2013. Available from: http://ri.ues.edu.sv/id/eprint/7446/
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[2] Cruz M, Hernandez A, Dorta A. El nexo entre biologia, respuesta inmune y clinica en la infeccion por Toxoplasma gondii. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomedicas. 2019;38(4):e256. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864- 03002019000400014&lng=es
[3] Calero R. Actualizacion sobre la toxoplasmosis humana. Publicaciones Socivesc. 2013. Available from: https://www.socivesc.es/publicaciones/43-publicaciones-desocivesc/ 273-actualizacion-sobre-la-toxoplasmosis-humana
[4] Roth-Valverde L. Contribucion al conocimiento de la toxoplasmosis. Papel de los roedores en los diferentes ambitos [Disertacion Grado de Licenciado en Bioquimica] Montevideo: Universidad de la Republica Uruguay, Facultad de Ciencias; 2015.
[5] Palmezano-Diaz J, Plazas L, Rojas D. Infeccion por toxoplasma: panorama actual. Spei Domus. 2015;11(22):47–56. Available from: Doi.org/10.16925/sp.v11i22.1154
[6] Ramos O, Vasquez L. Seroprevalencia de toxoplasmosis humana en un municipio de Colombia [Internet]. SIIC. 2016 [accessed on 30. January 2021]. Available from: www.siicsalud.com/des/expertos.php/145994
[7] Khan A, Taylor S, Su C, Mackey AJ, Boyle J, Cole R, et al. Composite genome map and recombination parameters derived from three archetypal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii. Nucleic Acids Research. 2005 May;33(9):2980–2992.
[8] Perez J, Villada J, Naranjo O, Castano S. Formas alternas de transmision de Toxoplasma gondii. Biosalud. 2011;10(2):123-137. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657- 95502011000200012&lng=en
[9] Lima do Cardo E, et al. Human toxoplasmosis outbreak in the Monte Dourado District, Almeirim municipality, Para, Brazil. Rev Panamazonica Saude. 2010;1(1):61–66.
[10] Demar M, Ajzenberg D, Maubon D, Djossou F, Panchoe D, Punwasi W, et al. Fatal outbreak of human toxoplasmosis along the Maroni River: epidemiological, clinical, and parasitological aspects. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007 Oct;45(7):e88–95.
[11] Heavey E. Toxoplasmosis update. Nursing. 2019;36(2):44-46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000534106.04143.54.
[12] Meireles LR, Ekman CC, Andrade HF Jr, Luna EJ. Human toxoplasmosis outbreaks and the agent infecting form. Findings from a systematic review. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 2015;57(5):369–376.
[13] Villalobos R. Toxoplasmosis [guia de estudio] Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia; 2005.
[14] Biswas A, French T, Dusedau HP, Mueller N, Riek-Burchardt M, Dudeck A, et al. Behavior of Neutrophil Granulocytes during Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the Central Nervous System. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2017 Jun;7(259):259.
[15] Acha P, Szyfres B. Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud. Zoonosis y enfermedades transmisibles comunes al hombre y a los animales. Parasitosis. Toxoplasmosis. Tercera edición. 2003;88.
[16] Fernandez T, Montano M, Basante S, Ponce J. Estudio seroepidemiologico para estimar el riesgo de infeccion congenita por Toxoplasma gondii en Guayaquil, Ecuador. Revista de Patologia Tropical. 2014;43(2):182–194.
[17] Sanchez R, et al. Prevalencia de toxoplasmosis en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo en Ecuador. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas. 2018;37(2):117-128. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgibin/ new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=87273
[18] Cortes L, Hernandez D, Mantilla M, Medina M, Duque S. Optimizacion de la Reaccion en Cadena de la Polimerasa para la deteccion del gen B1 de Toxoplasma gondii. Nova. 2014;12(21):137–142.
[19] Modrek J, Mousavi S, Saravani R. Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence Among Blood Donors in Zahedan, Southeastern Iran. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014 Jul;1(2):1–4.
[20] Sanchez-Artigas R, et al. Seroprevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii en donantes de sangre en la provincia de Guantanamo. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomedicas. 2012;31(1):101-107. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03002012000100011
[21] Organizacion mundial de la salud. Declaracion de consenso sobre deteccion en la sangre donada de agentes infecciosos transmisibles por transfusion sanguinea. Toxoplasmosis. 1990;12. Available from: WHO_LBS_91.1_spa.pdf
[22] El-Geddawi O, El-Sayad M, Sadek N, Hussien N, Ahmed M. Detection of T. gondii infection in blood donors in Alexandria, Egypt, using serological and molecular strategies. Parasitol United J. 2016;9(1):24–30.
[23] Sarkari B, Shafiei R, Zare M, Sohrabpour S, Kasraian L. Seroprevalence and molecular diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection among blood donors in southern Iran. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2014 Apr;8(4):543–547.
[24] Mahmoudvand H, Saedi Dezaki E, Soleimani S, Baneshi MR, Kheirandish F, Ezatpour B, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among healthy blood donors in south-east of Iran. Parasite Immunol. 2015 Jul;37(7):362– 367.
[25] Zarean M, Shafiei R, Gholami M, Fata A, Rahmati Balaghaleh M, Kariminik A, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-toxoplasma Gondii antibodies in healthy voluntary blood donors from Mashhad City, Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2017 Jul;20(7):441–445.
[26] Tappeh KH, Musavi J, Safa MB, Galavani H, Alizadeh H. Prevalence of IgG and IgM anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies in blood donors at Urmia blood transfusion organization, Iran. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi. 2017 Mar;41(1):1–4.
[27] Sadooghian S, Mahmoudvand H, Mohammadi MA, Nazari Sarcheshmeh N, Tavakoli Kareshk A, Kamiabi H, et al. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among healthy blood donors in Northeast of Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology. 2017;12(4):554–562.
[28] Moshfe A, Arefkhah N, Sarkari B, Kazemi S, Mardani A. Toxoplasma gondii in blood donors: A study in Boyer-Ahmad county, Southwest Iran. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2018 Apr;2018(4):3813612.
[29] Stephen S, Pradeep J, Anitharaj V, Janarthanam V. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in voluntary blood donors of Puducherry and surrounding districts of Tamil Nadu. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2017 Dec;41(4):1158–1161.
[30] Mohammad LM, Jasim SS. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM in healthy blood donors in Kirkuk city. Journal of University of Babylon for Pure and Applied Sciences.. 2017; 25:946-954. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330400982
[31] Molan AL, Ismaill H, Hatem H, Al-Bayati N. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in voluntary blood donors in Diyala Province, Iraq. American Journal of Life Science Researches. 2018; 6(4):188-193. Available from: http://www.diili.org/ojs- 2.4.6/index.php/ajlsr/index
[32] Wang T, Han Y, Pan Z, Wang H, Yuan M, Lin H. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in blood donors in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite. 2018;25(36):36.
[33] Chiang TY, Hsieh HH, Kuo MC, Chiu KT, Lin WC, Fan CK, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among healthy blood donors in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48139.
[34] Fernandez-Vasquez M. Seroprevalencia de toxoplasmosis en donantes de sangre del hospital de apoyo Tingo Maria 2017. [Disertacion Grado Especialista en Hemoterapia y Banco de Sangre]. Lima: Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Facultad de Tecnologia Medica. 2017. Available from: http://repositorio.unfv.edu.pe/handle/UNFV/2247
[35] Betancur CA, Jaramillo J, Puyana J, Quintero M, Estrada S, Salazar L. Seroprevalencia de toxoplasmosis en donantes de sangre de la Clinica Cardiovascular Santa Maria, Medellin, Colombia, 2009-2010. Infectio. 2011; 15(1):14- 19. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0123- 93922011000100003&lng=en
[36] Ramirez AM, Rios YK, Galvis NF, Entrena E, Marino NV, Rangel DM, et al. Seroprevalencia y deteccion molecular de Toxoplasma gondii en donantes de un banco de sangre de Cucuta, Colombia. Biomedica. 2019 Aug;39(2 Supl. 2):144–156.
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