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Abd Rahman Mahmoud Ali, H., & Mohammed Alhassn Algdal, M. (2021). Prevalence and Severity of Dental Fluorosis among Primary School Children Aged 12–14 Years in Abosied and Alfetehab Localities, Omdurman, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences (SJMS), 16(3), 475–483. https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v16i3.9705
https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v16i3.9705
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Hagir Abd Rahman Mahmoud Ali
Hagir Abd Rahman Mahmoud Ali
Faculty of Dental and Oral Medicine, Kararay University, Omdurman, Sudan
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Moneer Mohammed Alhassn Algdal
Moneer Mohammed Alhassn Algdal
Faculty of Dental and Oral Medicine, Kararay University, Omdurman, Sudan
Published Date
- Sep 30, 2021
Prevalence and Severity of Dental Fluorosis among Primary School Children Aged 12–14 Years in Abosied and Alfetehab Localities, Omdurman, Sudan
Abstract
Background: Dental fluorosis is a disease of dental hard tissues resulting from excess fluoride intake during the developmental stages of teeth causing hypomineralization of the enamel. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children in Omdurman locality.
Methods: Students in the sixth grade of school were examined to determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis using Dean’s index.
Results: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 68.3%. The majority of students were diagnosed with very mild (23.2%) and mild (26.5%) forms. There was no difference in the grade of fluorosis between children who were born outside and in Omdurman.
Conclusion: Prevalence of dental fluoride was found to be very high among school children with no difference between males and females.
Keywords: fluorosis, Sudan, school children
References
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[2] WHO. (1994). Drinking water quality control in small community supplies (vol. II). Geneva: WHO.
[3] Bailey, J., Chilton, J., Dahi, E., et al. (2006). Fluoride in drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[4] WHO. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. Geneva: WHO.
[5] DenBesten, P. and Li, W. (2011). Chronic fluoride toxicity: dental fluorosis. Fluoride and the Oral Environment, vol. 22, pp. 81–96.
[6] Burt, B. A. and Eklund, S. A. (2005). Dentistry, dental practice, and the community. Elsevier Health Sciences.
[7] Dean, H. T. (1934). Classification of mottled enamel diagnosis. The Journal of the American Dental Association, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1421–1426.
[8] Fawell, J. K. and Bailey, K. (2006). Fluoride in drinking-water. Geneva: WHO.
[9] Abdel-Magid, H. M., Abdellah, A. M., and Yahia, N. A. (2011). Well drinking water fluoride content and dental fluorosis in Al-Butana region of central Sudan. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 37–46.
[10] Smith, D., Harris, H., and Kirk, R. (1953). Fluorosis in the Butana, Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 56, pp. 57–58.
[11] Ibrahim, Y., Affan, A., and Bjorvatn, K. (1995). Prevalence of dental fluorosis in Sudanese children from two villages with 0.25 and 2.56 ppm fluoride in the drinking water. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 223–229.
[12] Ramadan, A. and Ghandourb, I. (2016). Dental fluorosis in two communities in Khartoum state, Sudan, with potable water fluoride levels of 1.36 and 0.45 mg/L. Fluoride, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 509–520.
[13] Sukhabogi, J. R., Parthasarathi, P., Anjum, S., et al. (2015). Dental fluorosis and dental caries prevalence among 12 and 15 year old school children in Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 245–252.
[14] Kotecha, P. V., Patel, S. V., Bhalani, K. D., et al. (2012). Prevalence of dental fluorosis & dental caries in association with high levels of drinking water fluoride content in a district of Gujarat, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 135, no. 6, pp. 873–877.
[15] Sarvaiya, B., Bhayya, D., Arora, R., et al. (2012). Prevalence of dental fluorosis in relation with different fluoride levels in drinking water among school going children in Sarada tehsil of Udaipur district, Rajasthan. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 317.
[16] Naidu, G. M., Rahamthullah, S. U., Kopuri, R. K. C., et al. (2013). Prevalence and self perception of Dental Fluorosis among 15 year old school children in Prakasham district of south India. Journal of International Oral Health, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 67.
[17] Varsha, D. and Ragini, M. (2013). Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among school students in Dongargaon of Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 309.
[18] Chauhan, D., Chauhan, T., Sachdev, V., et al. (2012). A study of prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among school children in a Northern hilly state of India. SRM Journal of Research in Dental Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 170.
[19] Saravanan, S., Kalyani, C., Vijayarani, M., et al. (2008). Prevalence of dental fluorosis among primary school children in rural areas of Chidambaram Taluk, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 33, no. 3, p. 146.
[20] Firempong, C., Nsiah, K., Awunyo-Vitor, D., et al. (2013). Soluble fluoride levels in drinking water-a major risk factor of dental fluorosis among children in Bongo community of Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 16–23.
[21] Alhobeira, H. A., Siddiqui, A. A., and Mian, R. I. (2015). Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in Hail, Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Oral Health, vol. 7, no. 12.
[22] Vazquez-Alvarado, P., Prieto-García, F., Coronel-Olivares, C., et al. (2010). Fluorides and dental fluorosis in students from Tula de Allende Hidalgo, Mexico. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 24–31.
[23] Pontigo-Loyola, A. P., Islas-Márquez, A., Loyola-Rodríguez, J. P., et al. (2008). Dental fluorosis in 12-and 15-year-olds at high altitudes in above-optimal fluoridated communities in Mexico. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 163–166.
[24] Molina-Frechero, N., Gaona, E., Angulo, M., et al. (2015). Fluoride exposure effects and dental fluorosis in children in Mexico City. Medical Science Monitor, vol. 21, pp. 3664–3670.
[25] Rigo, L., Caldas Junior A. dF., Souza, E. H. Ad. (2010). Factors associated with dental fluorosis. Revista Odonto Ciência, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 8–14.
[26] Ramires, I., Olympio, K. P. K., Maria, A. G., et al. (2006). Fluoridation of the public water supply and prevalence of dental fluorosis in a peripheral district of the municipality of Bauru, SP. Journal of Applied Oral Science, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 136–141.
[27] Ramadan, A. and Hilmi, Y. (2014). The influence of climate on the determination of the upper permissible fluoride level in potable water in Sudan. Fluoride, vol. 47, pp. 123–133.
[28] Aziz Ghandour, I. A., Ibrahim, F. A., and Shehata, A. H. (1988). The prevalence of dental caries, fluorosis, and dental attitudes among primary schoolchildren in Omdurman– Sudan. Odonto-stomatologie Tropicale, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 103–106.
[2] WHO. (1994). Drinking water quality control in small community supplies (vol. II). Geneva: WHO.
[3] Bailey, J., Chilton, J., Dahi, E., et al. (2006). Fluoride in drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[4] WHO. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. Geneva: WHO.
[5] DenBesten, P. and Li, W. (2011). Chronic fluoride toxicity: dental fluorosis. Fluoride and the Oral Environment, vol. 22, pp. 81–96.
[6] Burt, B. A. and Eklund, S. A. (2005). Dentistry, dental practice, and the community. Elsevier Health Sciences.
[7] Dean, H. T. (1934). Classification of mottled enamel diagnosis. The Journal of the American Dental Association, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1421–1426.
[8] Fawell, J. K. and Bailey, K. (2006). Fluoride in drinking-water. Geneva: WHO.
[9] Abdel-Magid, H. M., Abdellah, A. M., and Yahia, N. A. (2011). Well drinking water fluoride content and dental fluorosis in Al-Butana region of central Sudan. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 37–46.
[10] Smith, D., Harris, H., and Kirk, R. (1953). Fluorosis in the Butana, Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 56, pp. 57–58.
[11] Ibrahim, Y., Affan, A., and Bjorvatn, K. (1995). Prevalence of dental fluorosis in Sudanese children from two villages with 0.25 and 2.56 ppm fluoride in the drinking water. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 223–229.
[12] Ramadan, A. and Ghandourb, I. (2016). Dental fluorosis in two communities in Khartoum state, Sudan, with potable water fluoride levels of 1.36 and 0.45 mg/L. Fluoride, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 509–520.
[13] Sukhabogi, J. R., Parthasarathi, P., Anjum, S., et al. (2015). Dental fluorosis and dental caries prevalence among 12 and 15 year old school children in Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 245–252.
[14] Kotecha, P. V., Patel, S. V., Bhalani, K. D., et al. (2012). Prevalence of dental fluorosis & dental caries in association with high levels of drinking water fluoride content in a district of Gujarat, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 135, no. 6, pp. 873–877.
[15] Sarvaiya, B., Bhayya, D., Arora, R., et al. (2012). Prevalence of dental fluorosis in relation with different fluoride levels in drinking water among school going children in Sarada tehsil of Udaipur district, Rajasthan. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 317.
[16] Naidu, G. M., Rahamthullah, S. U., Kopuri, R. K. C., et al. (2013). Prevalence and self perception of Dental Fluorosis among 15 year old school children in Prakasham district of south India. Journal of International Oral Health, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 67.
[17] Varsha, D. and Ragini, M. (2013). Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among school students in Dongargaon of Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 309.
[18] Chauhan, D., Chauhan, T., Sachdev, V., et al. (2012). A study of prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among school children in a Northern hilly state of India. SRM Journal of Research in Dental Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 170.
[19] Saravanan, S., Kalyani, C., Vijayarani, M., et al. (2008). Prevalence of dental fluorosis among primary school children in rural areas of Chidambaram Taluk, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 33, no. 3, p. 146.
[20] Firempong, C., Nsiah, K., Awunyo-Vitor, D., et al. (2013). Soluble fluoride levels in drinking water-a major risk factor of dental fluorosis among children in Bongo community of Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 16–23.
[21] Alhobeira, H. A., Siddiqui, A. A., and Mian, R. I. (2015). Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in Hail, Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Oral Health, vol. 7, no. 12.
[22] Vazquez-Alvarado, P., Prieto-García, F., Coronel-Olivares, C., et al. (2010). Fluorides and dental fluorosis in students from Tula de Allende Hidalgo, Mexico. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 24–31.
[23] Pontigo-Loyola, A. P., Islas-Márquez, A., Loyola-Rodríguez, J. P., et al. (2008). Dental fluorosis in 12-and 15-year-olds at high altitudes in above-optimal fluoridated communities in Mexico. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 163–166.
[24] Molina-Frechero, N., Gaona, E., Angulo, M., et al. (2015). Fluoride exposure effects and dental fluorosis in children in Mexico City. Medical Science Monitor, vol. 21, pp. 3664–3670.
[25] Rigo, L., Caldas Junior A. dF., Souza, E. H. Ad. (2010). Factors associated with dental fluorosis. Revista Odonto Ciência, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 8–14.
[26] Ramires, I., Olympio, K. P. K., Maria, A. G., et al. (2006). Fluoridation of the public water supply and prevalence of dental fluorosis in a peripheral district of the municipality of Bauru, SP. Journal of Applied Oral Science, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 136–141.
[27] Ramadan, A. and Hilmi, Y. (2014). The influence of climate on the determination of the upper permissible fluoride level in potable water in Sudan. Fluoride, vol. 47, pp. 123–133.
[28] Aziz Ghandour, I. A., Ibrahim, F. A., and Shehata, A. H. (1988). The prevalence of dental caries, fluorosis, and dental attitudes among primary schoolchildren in Omdurman– Sudan. Odonto-stomatologie Tropicale, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 103–106.