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Alhassan, M. (2020). Assessment of Dehydration in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis: A Review of International Guidelines. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences (SJMS), 15(2), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v15i2.6727
https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v15i2.6727
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Mohammed Alhassan
Mohammed Alhassan
Published Date
- Jun 25, 2020
Assessment of Dehydration in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis: A Review of International Guidelines
Abstract
Background: Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of presentation to hospital in children. Detection and classification of the degree of dehydration are vital for proper treatment.
Methods: The authors reviewed six international guidelines on AGE in children. The aim was to equip clinicians working in a hospital setting with practical and readily applicable clinical handles to assist them in detecting and classifying dehydration.
Results: Published international guidelines on AGE vary in their recommendations on the assessment of dehydration as well as their classification of dehydration severity. Nevertheless, a practical scheme utilizing a combination of these guidelines could be devised.
Conclusion: In addition to the World Health Organization classification of dehydration in children, several clinical handles were suggested.
Key words: acute gastroenteritis, children, dehydration, diarrhea
References
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18. Van Den Berg, J. and Berger, M. Y. (2011). Guidelines on acute gastroenteritis in children: a critical appraisal of their quality and applicability in primary care. BMC Family Practice, vol. 12, p. 134. Retreived from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/12/134 [accessed March 14, 2020].
19. WHO. (2009). Severe Acute Malnutrition. WHO. Retreived from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/malnutrition/en/ [accessed March 26, 2020].
20. Nazarian, L. F., Berman, J. H., Brown, G., et al. (1996). Practice parameter: the management of acute gastroenteritis in young children. Pediatrics, vol. 97, pp. 424–436.
21. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health. (2009). Assessing Dehydration and Shock. London, UK: RCOG Press. Retreived from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg84/documents/cg84-diarrhoea-and-vomiting-in-children-under-5-evidence-tables2 [accessed March 23, 2020].
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2. Boschi-Pinto, C., Lanata, C. F., Mendoza, W., et al. (2006). Diarrheal diseases. In Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa (2nd ed.). Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Retreived from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290663 [accessed Mar 26, 2020].
3. Wold Health Organisation. (2015). WHO EMRO | Sudan | Data and statistics | Child and Adolescent Health. Retreived from: http://www.emro.who.int/child-adolescent-health/data-statistics/sudan.html [accessed Mar 20, 2020].
4. American Academy of Family Physicians. (2018). Clinical Practice Guideline Manual -- Clinical Recommendation. Retreived from: https://www.aafp.org/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/cpg-manual.html [accessed Mar 19, 2020].
5. Perlstein, P. H., Lichtenstein, P., Cohen, M. B., et al. (2002). Implementing an evidence-based acute gastroenteritis guideline at a children’s hospital. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 20–30.
6. Zolotor, A. J., Randolph, G. D., Johnson, J. K., et al. (2007). Effectiveness of a practice-based, multimodal quality improvement intervention for gastroenteritis within a medicaid managed care network. Pediatrics, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. e644–e650. Retreived from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766504 [accessed Mar 19, 2020].
7. Salih, K. E. M., Bilal, J. A., Alfadeel, M. A., et al. (2014). Poor adherence to the world health organization guidelines of treatment of severe pneumonia in children at Khartoum, Sudan. BMC Research Notes, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–4.
8. Guarino, A., Ashkenazi, S., Gendrel, D., et al. (2014). European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology Nutrition, vol. 59, pp. 132–152.
9. WHO. (2005). The Treatment of Diarrhoea: A Manual for Physicians and Other Senior Health Workers. Retreived from: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:THE+TREATMENT+OF+DIARRHOEA+A+manual+for+physicians+and+other+senior+health+workers#0%5Cnhttp://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:The+treatment+of+diarrhoea:+a+manual+for+ph [accessed Mar 19, 2020].
10. WHO. (2010). Existing WHO Guidelines for Preventing and Treating Diarrhoea in Children. Retreived from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305340/ [accessed Mar 19, 2020].
11. WHO. (2013). Hospital Care For Children (2nd ed.), p. 17. Geneva: WHO. Retreived from: www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/en [accessed March 22, 2020].
12. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). (2009). Diarrhoea and Vomiting Caused by Gastroenteritis. NICE Clinical Guidelines, pp. 7–10. Retreived from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63844/
13. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health. (2009). Diarrhoea and Vomiting Caused by Gastroenteritis: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management in Children Younger than 5 Years, p. 44. London, UK: RCOG Press. Retreived from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63844/ [accessed March 19, 2020].
14. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. (2011). Evidence-based care guideline: prevent and management of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children aged 2 months to 18 years. Retreived from: http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=93672 [accessed March 19, 2020].
15. Guarino, A., Ashkenazi, S., Gendrel, D., et al. (2014). European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition/european society for pediatric infectious diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: Update 2014. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 132–152. Retreived from: www.jpgn.org [accessed March 19, 2020].
16. Leung, A. K. C. and Barankin, B. (2006). Oral rehydration therapy and early refeeding in the management of childhood gastroenteritis. Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 527–531.
17. King, C. K., Glass, R., Bresee, J. S., et al. (2003). Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, vol. 52, no. RR-16, pp. 1–16.
18. Van Den Berg, J. and Berger, M. Y. (2011). Guidelines on acute gastroenteritis in children: a critical appraisal of their quality and applicability in primary care. BMC Family Practice, vol. 12, p. 134. Retreived from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/12/134 [accessed March 14, 2020].
19. WHO. (2009). Severe Acute Malnutrition. WHO. Retreived from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/malnutrition/en/ [accessed March 26, 2020].
20. Nazarian, L. F., Berman, J. H., Brown, G., et al. (1996). Practice parameter: the management of acute gastroenteritis in young children. Pediatrics, vol. 97, pp. 424–436.
21. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health. (2009). Assessing Dehydration and Shock. London, UK: RCOG Press. Retreived from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg84/documents/cg84-diarrhoea-and-vomiting-in-children-under-5-evidence-tables2 [accessed March 23, 2020].
22. Advanced Medical Certification. Diagnosing Shock - PALS Online Handbook. Retreived from: https://advancedmedicalcertification.com/lesson/diagnosing-shock-pals-online-handbook/ [accessed March 22, 2020].
23. Steiner, M. J. and Dewalt, D. (2004). Is this child dehydrated? Clinical Scenarios: JAMA, vol. 291, no. 22. pp. 2746–2754.
24. Fleming, S., Thompson, M., Stevens, R., et al. (2011). Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: A systematic review of observational studies. Lance, vol. 377, no. 9770, pp. 1011–1018.