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Nsraldein Abass, M., Ahmed Mohammed, M., & Hashim Elgadal, A. (2024). The Spectrum of Pediatric Skin Diseases: A Prospective Study in Sudan. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences (SJMS), 19(2), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v19i2.14550
https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v19i2.14550
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authors
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Mahasin Nsraldein Abass
Mahasin Nsraldein Abass
Pediatric Council, Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Khartoum, Sudan
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Muaath Ahmed Mohammed
Muaath Ahmed Mohammed
Pediatric Council, Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Khartoum, Sudan
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Amani Hashim Elgadal
Amani Hashim Elgadal
Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Karary University, Khartoum, Sudan
Published Date
- Jun 28, 2024
The Spectrum of Pediatric Skin Diseases: A Prospective Study in Sudan
Abstract
Background: In line with the World Health Organization's (WHO) campaign to improve community dermatology services, research on the spectrum of pediatric skin diseases is crucial for both patients and policymakers. Identifying the spectrum of pediatric skin conditions among children visiting the Khartoum Dermatological Hospital's outpatient dermatology clinic was the goal of this study.
Methods: Over six months, a prospective cross-sectional study including children (0–18 years old) was undertaken. Once the pertinent medical history and examinations were gathered, dermatologists made the diagnosis. Skin conditions were divided into several categories. The analysis of the data was done with the SPSS version 23.
Results: A total of 320 children, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1, were enrolled. Ten categories with 38 different skin diseases were established after diagnosis. Infections in 152 (47.5%), eczematous disorders in 89 (27.8%), and appendageal disorders in 19 (5.93%) children were the most prevalent conditions by group. Impetigo (37.5%), scabies (10.9%), and seborrheic dermatitis (10.6%) were the most frequently seen diseases. These illnesses most commonly afflicted the areas of the limbs (30%), face (20%), and scalp (18.7%). Papules in 148 (46%) and scales in 74 (23%) children were the most prevalent primary and secondary efflorescence, respectively. A clinical diagnosis was made in the majority (266 [83.1%]) of the cases.
Conclusion: The most frequently observed group was infection. This demonstrates how crucial it is to maintain good personal and family hygiene, minimize overcrowded spaces, and promoting public health.
Keywords:
pediatric, children, spectrum, pattern, skin, dermatoses, diseases, ailments
References
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[4] Balai, M., Khare, A. K., Gupta, L. K., Mittal, A., & Kuldeep, C. M. (2012). Pattern of pediatric dermatoses in a tertiary care centre of South West Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 57(4), 275–278. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.97665
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[10] Shrestha, R., Shrestha, D., Dhakal, A. K., Shakya, A., Shah, S. C., & Shakya, H. (2012). Spectrum of pediatric dermatoses in tertiary care center in Nepal. Nepal Medical College Journal, 14(2), 146–148. https://nmcth.edu/images/gallery/Original%20Articles/jnmb3R%20Shrestha.pdf https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v14i2.37158
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[13] Katibi, O. S., Dlova, N. C., Chateau, A. V., & Mosam, A. (2016). The prevalence of paediatric skin conditions at a dermatology clinic in KwaZulu-Natal Province over a 3-month period. SAJCH: The South African Journal of Child Health, 10(2), 121–125. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC191122 https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJCH.2016.v10i2.985
[14] Jain, N., & Khandpur, S. (2010). Pediatric dermatoses in India. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 76, 451–454. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.69034
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[16] Poudyal, Y., Ranjit, A., Pathak, S., & Chaudhary, N. (2016). Pattern of pediatric dermatoses in a tertiary care hospital of Western Nepal. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2016, 6306404. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6306404
[17] Kiprono, S. K., Muchunu, J. W., & Masenga, J. E. (2015). Skin diseases in pediatric patients attending a tertiary dermatology hospital in Northern Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. BMC Dermatology, 15(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12895-015-0035-9
[18] Hon, K. L., Leung, T. F., Wong, Y., Ma, K. C., & Fok, T. F. (2004). Skin diseases in Chinese children at a pediatric dermatology center. Pediatric Dermatology, 21(2), 109–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21203.x
[19] Bhatia, R., Bhardwaj, S., Anandh, S., & Rajwaniya, D. (2023). Spectrum of paediatric dermatoses in a private medical college. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 43(1), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.60086/jnps493
[20] Podder, I., Agarwall, K., & Anurag, A. (2022). Pattern and distribution of pediatric dermatoses and their association with parental socioeconomic status: A single-center experience from India. Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology, 23(3), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpd.ijpd_1_22
[21] Sayal, S. K., Bal, A. S., & Gupta, C. M. (1998). Pattern of skin diseases in paediatric age group and adolescents. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 64(3), 117–119.
[22] Karthikeyan, K., Thappa, D. M., & Jeevankumar, B. (2004). Pattern of pediatric dermatoses in a referral center in South India. Indian Pediatrics, 41(4), 373–377. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/docu.doi=b296a4c4ea07afc8bd6cf4b03a0245b83d54bc83
[23] Sardana, K., Mahajan, S., Sarkar, R., Mendiratta, V., Bhushan, P., Koranne, R. V., & Garg, V. K. (2009). The spectrum of skin disease among Indian children. Pediatric Dermatology, 26(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00814.x
[24] Moskaluk, A. E., & VandeWoude, S. (2022). Current topics in Dermatophyte classification and clinical diagnosis. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(9), 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090957
[25] El-Khateeb, E. A. (2011). The spectrum of paediatric dermatoses in a university hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 25(6), 666–672. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03846.x
[26] George, A. O. (1989). Atopic dermatitis in Nigeria. International Journal of Dermatology, 28(4), 237–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1989.tb04811.x
[27] Laughter, D., Istvan, J. A., Tofte, S. J., & Hanifin, J. M. (2000). The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Oregon schoolchildren. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 43(4), 649–655. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2000.107773
[28] Emodi, L. J., Ikefuna, A. N., Uchendu, U., & Duru, U. A. (2010). Skin diseases among children attending the out patient clinic of the University of Nigeria teaching hospital, Enug. African Health Sciences, 10(4), 362–366. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ahs/article/view/63844
[29] de Lusignan, S., Alexander, H., Broderick, C., Dennis, J., McGovern, A., Feeney, C., & Flohr, C. (2021). The epidemiology of eczema in children and adults in England: A population-based study using primary care data. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 51(3), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13784
[30] Kaufman, B. P., Guttman-Yassky, E., & Alexis, A. F. (2018). Atopic dermatitis in diverse racial and ethnic groups-Variations in epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation and treatment. Experimental Dermatology, 27(4), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13514
[31] Shaw, T. E., Currie, G. P., Koudelka, C. W., Simpson, C. W. (2011). Eczema prevalence in the United States: Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 131, 67–73.
[32] Bylund, S., Kobyletzki, L. B., Svalstedt, M., & Svensson, Å. (2020). Prevalence and incidence of atopic dermatitis: A systematic review. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 100(12), adv00160. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3510
[33] Onayemi, O., Aghanwa, H. S., Soyinka, F., & Morakinyo, O. (2005). A descriptive cross-sectional survey of prevalence, knowledge and perceptions of acne vulgaris among secondary school students in Nigeria. The Nigerian Medical Practitioner, 48(3), 73–76. https://doi.org/10.4314/nmp.v48i3.28769
[34] Patel, K. B., & Desai, B. R. (2016). Pediatric dermatoses encountered in dermatology outpatient department of a teaching institute. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 3(4), 1178–1184. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20163652
[35] Saini, S., Yadav, D., & Kumar, R. (2020). Clinicoepidemiological study of prevalence and pattern of dermatoses among patients of pediatric age group in southeast region of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology, 21(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpd.IJPD_154_18
[36] Sacchidanand, S., Sahana, M. S., Asha, G. S., & Shilpa, K. (2014). Pattern of pediatric dermatoses at a referral centre. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 81, 375–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-012-0904-8
[37] Afsar, F. S. (2017). Analysis of pediatric dermatology inpatient consultations in a pediatric teaching hospital. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 115(6), e377–e384. https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2017.eng.e377
[2] Sood, S., Gupta, M. G., Sharma, R. K., & Thakur, S. (2020). Prevalence of skin diseases in children attending government vs private school in a rural set up in the sub-Himalayan region. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 49(1), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v49i1.8899
[3] Jawade, S. A., Chugh, V. S., Gohil, S. K., Mistry, A. S., & Umrigar, D. D. (2015). A clinico-etiological study of dermatoses in pediatric age group in tertiary health care center in South Gujarat region. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 60(6), 635. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.169147
[4] Balai, M., Khare, A. K., Gupta, L. K., Mittal, A., & Kuldeep, C. M. (2012). Pattern of pediatric dermatoses in a tertiary care centre of South West Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 57(4), 275–278. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.97665
[5] Morakinyo, O. M., Ana, G. R., & Oloruntoba, E. O. (2014). Prevalence of skin infections and hygiene practices among pupils in selected public primary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(2), 49–62. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajsd/article/view/107756
[6] Massa, A., Alves, R., Amado, J., Matos, E., Sanches, M., Selores, M., Santos, C., Costa, V., Velho, G., Oliveira, M., Ferreira, E., Taveira, M., Silva, N. S., Granado, E., Lemos, A., & Calheiros, J. M. (2000). [Prevalence of cutaneous lesions in Freixo de Espada à Cinta]. Acta Medica Portuguesa, 13(5–6), 247–254. https://europepmc.org/article/med/11234487
[7] World Health Organization. (2005). Epidemiology and management of common skin diseases in children in developing countries. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/69229/WHO_FCH_CAH_05.12_eng.pdf
[8] Karimkhani, C., Dellavalle, R. P., Coffeng, L. E., Flohr, C., Hay, R. J., Langan, S. M., Nsoesie, E. O., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Silverberg, J. I., Vos, T., & Naghavi, M. (2017). Global skin disease morbidity and mortality: An update from the global burden of disease study 2013. JAMA Dermatology, 153(5), 406–412. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.5538
[9] Amoran, O. E., Runsewe-Abiodun, O. O., Mautin, A. O., & Amoran, I. O. (2011). Determinants of dermatological disorders among school children in Sagamu, Nigeria. Educational Research, 2(12), 1743–1748. http://www.interesjournals.org/ER
[10] Shrestha, R., Shrestha, D., Dhakal, A. K., Shakya, A., Shah, S. C., & Shakya, H. (2012). Spectrum of pediatric dermatoses in tertiary care center in Nepal. Nepal Medical College Journal, 14(2), 146–148. https://nmcth.edu/images/gallery/Original%20Articles/jnmb3R%20Shrestha.pdf https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v14i2.37158
[11] Kuruvilla, M., Sridhar, K. S., Kumar, P., & Rao, G. S. (2000). Pattern of skin diseases in Bantwal Taluq, Dakshina Kannada. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 66(5), 247–248.
[12] Ayanlowo, O., Puddicombe, O., & Gold-Olufadi, S. (2018). Pattern of skin diseases amongst children attending a dermatology clinic in Lagos, Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal, 29(1), 162. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.29.162.14503
[13] Katibi, O. S., Dlova, N. C., Chateau, A. V., & Mosam, A. (2016). The prevalence of paediatric skin conditions at a dermatology clinic in KwaZulu-Natal Province over a 3-month period. SAJCH: The South African Journal of Child Health, 10(2), 121–125. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC191122 https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJCH.2016.v10i2.985
[14] Jain, N., & Khandpur, S. (2010). Pediatric dermatoses in India. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 76, 451–454. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.69034
[15] World Health Organisation (WHO). (2016). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM). https://who.int
[16] Poudyal, Y., Ranjit, A., Pathak, S., & Chaudhary, N. (2016). Pattern of pediatric dermatoses in a tertiary care hospital of Western Nepal. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2016, 6306404. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6306404
[17] Kiprono, S. K., Muchunu, J. W., & Masenga, J. E. (2015). Skin diseases in pediatric patients attending a tertiary dermatology hospital in Northern Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. BMC Dermatology, 15(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12895-015-0035-9
[18] Hon, K. L., Leung, T. F., Wong, Y., Ma, K. C., & Fok, T. F. (2004). Skin diseases in Chinese children at a pediatric dermatology center. Pediatric Dermatology, 21(2), 109–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21203.x
[19] Bhatia, R., Bhardwaj, S., Anandh, S., & Rajwaniya, D. (2023). Spectrum of paediatric dermatoses in a private medical college. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 43(1), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.60086/jnps493
[20] Podder, I., Agarwall, K., & Anurag, A. (2022). Pattern and distribution of pediatric dermatoses and their association with parental socioeconomic status: A single-center experience from India. Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology, 23(3), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpd.ijpd_1_22
[21] Sayal, S. K., Bal, A. S., & Gupta, C. M. (1998). Pattern of skin diseases in paediatric age group and adolescents. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 64(3), 117–119.
[22] Karthikeyan, K., Thappa, D. M., & Jeevankumar, B. (2004). Pattern of pediatric dermatoses in a referral center in South India. Indian Pediatrics, 41(4), 373–377. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/docu.doi=b296a4c4ea07afc8bd6cf4b03a0245b83d54bc83
[23] Sardana, K., Mahajan, S., Sarkar, R., Mendiratta, V., Bhushan, P., Koranne, R. V., & Garg, V. K. (2009). The spectrum of skin disease among Indian children. Pediatric Dermatology, 26(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00814.x
[24] Moskaluk, A. E., & VandeWoude, S. (2022). Current topics in Dermatophyte classification and clinical diagnosis. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(9), 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090957
[25] El-Khateeb, E. A. (2011). The spectrum of paediatric dermatoses in a university hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 25(6), 666–672. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03846.x
[26] George, A. O. (1989). Atopic dermatitis in Nigeria. International Journal of Dermatology, 28(4), 237–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1989.tb04811.x
[27] Laughter, D., Istvan, J. A., Tofte, S. J., & Hanifin, J. M. (2000). The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Oregon schoolchildren. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 43(4), 649–655. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2000.107773
[28] Emodi, L. J., Ikefuna, A. N., Uchendu, U., & Duru, U. A. (2010). Skin diseases among children attending the out patient clinic of the University of Nigeria teaching hospital, Enug. African Health Sciences, 10(4), 362–366. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ahs/article/view/63844
[29] de Lusignan, S., Alexander, H., Broderick, C., Dennis, J., McGovern, A., Feeney, C., & Flohr, C. (2021). The epidemiology of eczema in children and adults in England: A population-based study using primary care data. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 51(3), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13784
[30] Kaufman, B. P., Guttman-Yassky, E., & Alexis, A. F. (2018). Atopic dermatitis in diverse racial and ethnic groups-Variations in epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation and treatment. Experimental Dermatology, 27(4), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13514
[31] Shaw, T. E., Currie, G. P., Koudelka, C. W., Simpson, C. W. (2011). Eczema prevalence in the United States: Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 131, 67–73.
[32] Bylund, S., Kobyletzki, L. B., Svalstedt, M., & Svensson, Å. (2020). Prevalence and incidence of atopic dermatitis: A systematic review. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 100(12), adv00160. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3510
[33] Onayemi, O., Aghanwa, H. S., Soyinka, F., & Morakinyo, O. (2005). A descriptive cross-sectional survey of prevalence, knowledge and perceptions of acne vulgaris among secondary school students in Nigeria. The Nigerian Medical Practitioner, 48(3), 73–76. https://doi.org/10.4314/nmp.v48i3.28769
[34] Patel, K. B., & Desai, B. R. (2016). Pediatric dermatoses encountered in dermatology outpatient department of a teaching institute. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 3(4), 1178–1184. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20163652
[35] Saini, S., Yadav, D., & Kumar, R. (2020). Clinicoepidemiological study of prevalence and pattern of dermatoses among patients of pediatric age group in southeast region of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology, 21(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpd.IJPD_154_18
[36] Sacchidanand, S., Sahana, M. S., Asha, G. S., & Shilpa, K. (2014). Pattern of pediatric dermatoses at a referral centre. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 81, 375–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-012-0904-8
[37] Afsar, F. S. (2017). Analysis of pediatric dermatology inpatient consultations in a pediatric teaching hospital. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 115(6), e377–e384. https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2017.eng.e377