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Osman Yahya Mohammead, M., Abdelkrim Adam Abdelmalik, M., Alhowaymel, F., & Alenezi, A. (2023). Effect of an Educational Program on Stakeholders’ Awareness About Risks of Cannabis Use in Sudan: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences (SJMS), 18(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v18i1.12864
https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v18i1.12864
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authors
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Mohammead Osman Yahya Mohammead
Mohammead Osman Yahya Mohammead
Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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Mohammed Abdelkrim Adam Abdelmalik
Mohammed Abdelkrim Adam Abdelmalik
Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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Fahad Alhowaymel
Fahad Alhowaymel
Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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Atallah Alenezi
Atallah Alenezi
Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Published Date
- Mar 31, 2023
Effect of an Educational Program on Stakeholders' Awareness About Risks of Cannabis Use in Sudan: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Abstract
Background: This study assesses stakeholders’ awareness level of Cannabis use and the effect of an educational program on their awareness in Kabkabiya city of Sudan.
Methods: This quasi-experimental research was conducted using a pre- and posttest design between July and November 2018. A total of 203 stakeholders were recruited in the study using a convenience sampling technique. First, using a self-reported questionnaire, the pretest data were collected before the intervention. Then, the participants underwent an educational program intervention in the form of lectures and group discussions. At the end of the program, the participants were subjected to the posttest using the same questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The results showed a poor to moderate level of awareness about Cannabis use among stakeholders. A statistically significant increase in the stakeholders’ awareness levels was found after the educational program intervention with a large effect size in awareness (z = –12.299, P = 0.001, r = 0.91). The results also showed that the participants who graduated from university had a significantly higher level of awareness than others at pre- and posttests stages (P =< 0.001).
Conclusion: The educational program intervention effectively improved stakeholders’ awareness about the risks of Cannabis use. This study suggests providing ongoing health education for the public and focusing on individuals with lower educational levels to increase awareness of the risks of Cannabis use.
Keywords:
educational program, awareness, Cannabis use, community health, Sudan
References
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[24] Soma, K., Dijkshoorn-Dekker, M. W. C., & Polman, N. B. P. (2018). Stakeholder contributions through transitions towards urban sustainability. Sustainable Cities and Society, 37, 438–450.
[25] Lovakov, A., & Agadullina, E. R. (2021). Empirically derived guidelines for effect size interpretation in social psychology. European Journal of Social Psychology, 00, 1–20.
[26] Furukawa, T. A., & Leucht, S. (2011). How to obtain NNT from Cohen’s D: Comparison of two methods. PLoS One, 6(4).
[27] Goycolea, R., Castro-Alonso, J. C., & Dörr, A. (2020). Visuospatial processing decline due to cannabis consumption in nondependent high school students. Educational Psychology Review, 33(2), 619–635.
[28] Akbari, M., Bahadori, M. H., Mohammadkhani, S., Kolubinski, D. C., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2021). A discriminant analysis model of psychosocial predictors of problematic Internet use and cannabis use disorder in university students. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 14, 100354.
[29] Olthof, M. I. A., Blankers, M., van Laar, M. W., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2021). ICan, an Internet-based intervention to reduce cannabis use: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 22(1), 1–12.
[30] Alves, R., Precioso, J., & Becoña, E. (2020). llicit drug use among college students: The importance of knowledge about drugs, live at home and peer influence. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 53(4), 329–338.
[31] Mitra, T., Sharma, P. A., Das, R., & Gopal, S. (2020). A study to assess the level of knowledge of cannabis use disorder among adolescents. Indian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 17(2), 79.
[32] Gurung, D., Thapa, B., & Paudel, A. (2020). Prevalence of substance use disorders and effectiveness of educational package on knowledge regarding the disorders among adolescents in selected schools of Lekhnath, Nepal. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5(7), 934–941.
[33] Tanushree, M., Punita, B., Sharma, A., & Mitra, T. (2020). A study to assess the effectiveness of psycho-educative module on knowledge of cannabis use disorder among adolescents. International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(Jul–Dec), 44.
[34] Banerjee, S. (2021). Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention of substance abuse among students of class IX of Green Park Sikshasadan High School, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, 2(8), 8–12.
[35] Isralowitz, R., Reznik, A., Zolotov, Y., Grinstein-Cohen, O., Wacht, O., Pruginin, I., Pruginin, I., Yehudai, M., & Edelstein, O. (2021). Toward medical cannabis education in Israel. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 58, 102709.
[36] Zolotov, Y., Grinstein Cohen, O., Findley, P. A., Reznik, A., Isralowitz, R., & Willard, S. (2021). Attitudes and knowledge about medical cannabis among Israeli and American nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 99, 104789.
[2] Chami, T., & Kim, C. H. (2019). Cannabis abuse and elevated risk of myocardial infarction in the young: A population-based study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 94(8), 1647–1649.
[3] Chen, Y., & Le-Short, C. (2021). Cannabis withdrawal. Cannabinoids Pain.;317–22.
[4] Memedovich, K. A., Dowsett, L. E., Spackman, E., Noseworthy, T., & Clement, F. (2018). The adverse health effects and harms related to marijuana use: An overview review. CMAJ Open, 6(3), E339–E346.
[5] Connor, J. P., Stjepanović, D., Le Foll, B., Hoch, E., Budney, A. J., & Hall, W. D. (2021). Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(1), 1–24.
[6] Hassanain Elsayed, Y. M. (2020). The dramatic reversal of hashish-induced junctional tachycardia and unstable angina with standard therapy in heavy smoker patient. International Journal of Research Studies in Medical and Health Sciences, 5(3), 16–19.
[7] Mohamed, S., Modawe, G. A., Gurashi, R. A., Mohamed, S. B., & Abdrabo, A. A. (2015). Assessment of plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity among Sudanese Cannabis abuse people. Pyrex Journal of Biomedical Research, 1(5), 55–58.
[8] Maayah, Z. H., Takahara, S., Ferdaoussi, M., & Dyck, J. R. B. (2020). The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of formulated full-spectrum cannabis extract in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis. Inflammation Research, 69(6), 549–558.
[9] McLaren-Blades, A., Ladha, K., Goel, A., Manoo, V., Kotteeswaran, Y., Gee, Y. Y., Fiorellino, J., & Clarke, H. (2020). Perioperative pain and addiction interdisciplinary network (PAIN): Protocol for the perioperative management of cannabis and cannabinoid-based medicines using a modified Delphi process. BMJ Open, 10(7), e036472.
[10] Parekh, T., & Fahim, F. (2021). Building risk prediction models for daily use of marijuana using machine learning techniques. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 225, 108789.
[11] Gunderson, L. M., Sebastian, R. R., Willging, C. E., & Ramos, M. M. (2020). Ambivalence in how to address adolescent marijuana use: Implications for counseling. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105367.
[12] Simpson, K. A., Cho, J., & Barrington-Trimis, J. L. (2021). The association of type of cannabis product used and frequency of use with problematic cannabis use in a sample of young adult cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 226, 108865.
[13] WHO. (2016). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. www.who.int
[14] Schauer, G. L., Clayton, H. B., Njai, R., & Grant, A. M. (2020). Adolescent marijuana use and related risk behaviors, national findings from 2015 to 2017. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(5), 714–724.
[15] Raitasalo, K., Karjalainen, K., Ollila, H., Ruokolainen, O., & Hakkarainen, P. (2021). Smoke in the air – Associations between experimentation with cannabis and the use of tobacco and nicotine products among 15–16-year-old school students. Addictive Behaviors, 114, 106714.
[16] Osman, T., Victor, C., Abdulmoneim, A., Mohammed, H., Abdalla, F., Ahmed, A., Ali, E., & Mohammed, W. (2016). Epidemiology of substance use among university students in Sudan. Journal of Addiction, 2016, 2476164.
[17] Lipari, R., & Jean-Francois, B. (2016). Trends in perception of risk and availability of substance use among full-time college students. CBHSQ Report. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396151/
[18] Leos-Toro, C., Fong, G. T., Meyer, S. B., & Hammond, D. (2020). Cannabis health knowledge and risk perceptions among Canadian youth and young adults. Harm Reduction Journal, 17, 54.
[19] Frank, V. A., Bjerge, B., Duke, K., Klein, A., & Stothard, B. (2015). Stakeholder influences on drug and alcohol policy processes. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 15(4).
[20] Saad, A., Zahid, S. M., & Muhammad U Bin. (2020). Role of awareness in strengthening the relationship between stakeholder management and project success in the construction industry of Pakistan. International Journal of Construction Management, 22, 1884–1893.
[21] Warren, A. M., Constantinides, S. V., Blake, C. E., & Frongillo, E. A. (2021). Advancing knowledge about stakeholder engagement in multisectoral nutrition research. Global Food Security, 29, 100521.
[22] Kordi, N. E., Belayutham, S., & Che Ibrahim, C. K. I. (2021). Mapping of social sustainability attributes to stakeholders’ involvement in construction project life cycle. Construction Management and Economics, 39(6), 513–532.
[23] Lübbeke A., Carr A. J., & Hoffmeyer, P. (2019). Registry stakeholders. EFORT Open Reviews, 4(6), 330–336.
[24] Soma, K., Dijkshoorn-Dekker, M. W. C., & Polman, N. B. P. (2018). Stakeholder contributions through transitions towards urban sustainability. Sustainable Cities and Society, 37, 438–450.
[25] Lovakov, A., & Agadullina, E. R. (2021). Empirically derived guidelines for effect size interpretation in social psychology. European Journal of Social Psychology, 00, 1–20.
[26] Furukawa, T. A., & Leucht, S. (2011). How to obtain NNT from Cohen’s D: Comparison of two methods. PLoS One, 6(4).
[27] Goycolea, R., Castro-Alonso, J. C., & Dörr, A. (2020). Visuospatial processing decline due to cannabis consumption in nondependent high school students. Educational Psychology Review, 33(2), 619–635.
[28] Akbari, M., Bahadori, M. H., Mohammadkhani, S., Kolubinski, D. C., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2021). A discriminant analysis model of psychosocial predictors of problematic Internet use and cannabis use disorder in university students. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 14, 100354.
[29] Olthof, M. I. A., Blankers, M., van Laar, M. W., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2021). ICan, an Internet-based intervention to reduce cannabis use: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 22(1), 1–12.
[30] Alves, R., Precioso, J., & Becoña, E. (2020). llicit drug use among college students: The importance of knowledge about drugs, live at home and peer influence. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 53(4), 329–338.
[31] Mitra, T., Sharma, P. A., Das, R., & Gopal, S. (2020). A study to assess the level of knowledge of cannabis use disorder among adolescents. Indian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 17(2), 79.
[32] Gurung, D., Thapa, B., & Paudel, A. (2020). Prevalence of substance use disorders and effectiveness of educational package on knowledge regarding the disorders among adolescents in selected schools of Lekhnath, Nepal. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5(7), 934–941.
[33] Tanushree, M., Punita, B., Sharma, A., & Mitra, T. (2020). A study to assess the effectiveness of psycho-educative module on knowledge of cannabis use disorder among adolescents. International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(Jul–Dec), 44.
[34] Banerjee, S. (2021). Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention of substance abuse among students of class IX of Green Park Sikshasadan High School, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, 2(8), 8–12.
[35] Isralowitz, R., Reznik, A., Zolotov, Y., Grinstein-Cohen, O., Wacht, O., Pruginin, I., Pruginin, I., Yehudai, M., & Edelstein, O. (2021). Toward medical cannabis education in Israel. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 58, 102709.
[36] Zolotov, Y., Grinstein Cohen, O., Findley, P. A., Reznik, A., Isralowitz, R., & Willard, S. (2021). Attitudes and knowledge about medical cannabis among Israeli and American nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 99, 104789.