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https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v18i1.12862
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Published Date
- Mar 31, 2023
Estimation of Atopy and Allergies Among Sudanese Children with Asthma
Abstract
Background: Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory problem characterized by a reversible hyper-responsive airway obstruction that is provoked by allergens, infections, or nonspecific triggers. The study aims to assess the coexistence of atopy and allergies among children with asthma.
Methods: This single-center study was conducted at Mohamed El-Amin H. Hospital, Sudan. A free online sample size calculator was used. A specially designed form was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0.
Results: A total of 300 participants were enrolled in the study, with a mean age of 7.46 ± 3.93 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. A total of 215 (71.6%) children had a family history of asthma; atopy was allergic rhinitis in 108 (36%), eczema in 53 (17.7%), food allergy in 38 (14%), and allergic conjunctivitis in 29 (9.7%). A significant association was observed between male gender and family history of asthma, atopy, and coexisting personal history of atopy, P = 0.002, 0.004, and 0.001, respectively. All participants who had atopy had allergic rhinitis; 53 (49%) had atopic dermatitis, 29 (26.8%) had coexisting allergic conjunctivitis, and food allergies were found in 38 (35.2%) participants. Common food allergies found were eggplants, fish, cow milk, and banana. Atopy and allergies were common among those who were 6–10 years old, however, only allergic rhinitis was statistically significant with age (P = 0.021).
Conclusion: Combined family history of asthma and atopy was common, few had atopy only, and fewer had neither family history nor atopy. Atopy found was allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, eczemas, and food allergy.
Keywords:
atopy, allergy, asthma, family history, genetic
References
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[32] Xu, R., DeMauro, S., & Feng, R. (2015). The impact of parental history on children's risk of asthma: A study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-III. Journal of Asthma and Allergy, 8, 51–61.
[33] Caffarelli, C., Garrubba, M., Greco, C., Mastrorilli, C., & Dascola, C. P. (2016). Asthma and food allergy in children: Is there a connection or interaction. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 4, 34.
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[2] Chikaodinaka Ayuk, A., Ubesie, A., Laura Odimegwu, C., & Iloh, K. (2017). Use of Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines in asthma management among pediatric residents in a sub-Saharan African country: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Pan African Medical Journal, 27, 120.
[3] Kuruvilla, M., Vanijcharoenkarn, K., Shih, J., & Lee, F. (2019). Epidemiology and risk factors for asthma. Respiratory Medicine, 149, 16–22.
[4] Agarwal, R., Dhooria, S., Aggarwal, A. N., Maturu, V. N., Sehgal, I. S., Muthu, V., Prasad, K. T., Yenge, L. B., Singh, N., Behera, D., Jindal, S. K., Gupta, D., Balamugesh, T., Bhalla, A., Chaudhry, D., Chhabra, S. K., Chokhani, R., Chopra, V., Dadhwal, D. S.,…Varma, S. (2015). Guidelines for diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma: Joint ICS/NCCP (I) recommendations. Lung India, 32(1), S3–S42.
[5] Agustí, A., & Celli, B. (2017). Natural history of COPD: Gaps and opportunities. ERJ Open Research, 3(4), 00117–2017.
[6] Withers, A. L., & Green, R. (2019). Transition for adolescents and young adults with asthma. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 7, 301.
[7] Van Aalderen, W. M. (2012). Childhood asthma: Diagnosis and treatment. Scientifica, 2012, 674204.
[8] Guilbert, T., Zeiger, R., Haselkornm, T., Iqbal, A., Alvarez, C., Mink, D., Chipps, B. E., & Szefler, S. J. (2019). Racial disparities in asthma-related health outcomes in children with severe/difficult-to-treat asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 7(2), 568–577.
[9] Adeli, M., El-Shareif, T., & Hendaus, M. A. (2019). Asthma exacerbation related to viral infections: An up-to-date summary. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8, 2753–2759.
[10] Dharmage, S. C., Perret, J. L., & Custovic, A. (2019). Epidemiology of asthma in children and adults. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 7, 246.
[11] Ferrante, G., & La Grutta, S. (2018). The burden of pediatric asthma. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 6, 186.
[12] Keet, C., Matsui, E., McCormack, M., & Peng, R. (2017). Urban residence, neighborhood poverty, race/ethnicity, and asthma morbidity among children on Medicaid. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 140(3), 822–827.
[13] Ripabelli, G., Tamburro, M., Sammarco, M. L., de Laurentiis, G., & Bianco, A. (2013). Asthma prevalence and risk factors among children and adolescents living around an industrial area: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 13, 1038.
[14] Roy, S., Rahman, H., & Kabir, A. (2019). Evaluation of risk factors of childhood asthma in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 5(7).
[15] Van Aalderen, W. (2012). Childhood asthma: Diagnosis and treatment. Scientifica, 2012, 1–18.
[16] O’Connor, M., Saville, B., Hartert, T., & Arnold, D. (2014). Treatment variability of asthma exacerbations in a pediatric emergency department using a severity-based management protocol. Clinical Pediatrics, 53(13), 1288–1290.
[17] Janssens, T., & Ritz, T. (2013). Perceived triggers of asthma: Key to symptom perception and management. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 43(9), 1000–1008.
[18] Cleary, E., Asher, M., Olawoyin, R., & Zhang, K. (2017). Assessment of indoor air quality exposures and impacts on respiratory outcomes in River Rouge and Dearborn, Michigan. Chemosphere, 187, 320–329.
[19] Guercio, V., Pojum, I., Leonardi, G., Shrubsole, C., Gowers, A., Dimitroulopoulou, S., Exley, K. S. (2021). Exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution from solid fuel combustion and respiratory outcomes in children in developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 755(1), 142187.
[20] Akan, A., Dibek-Mısırlıoğlu, E., Civelek, E., Vezir, E., & Kocabaş, C. (2020). Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in children: Comparison of the Hanifin-Rajka and the United Kingdom Working Party criteria. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 48(2), 175–181.
[21] Lee, S., Bae, J., Lee, H., Kim, H., Kim, B., Li, K., Cho, J. W., Park, C. O., Cho, S. H., Lee, K. H., Kim, D. W., Park, C. W., & Kim, K. H. (2016). Introduction of the reliable estimation of atopic dermatitis in childhood: Novel, diagnostic criteria for childhood atopic dermatitis. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research, 8(3), 230.
[22] Inamadar, A., Parthasarathy, N., Palit, A., & Adya, K. (2020). A study to estimate the frequency of Hanifin and Rajka's minor criteria in children for diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in a tertiary care center in South India. Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology, 21(1), 31.
[23] Rosofsky, A., Reid, M., Sandel, M., Zielenbach, M., Murphy, J., & Scammell, M. (2016). Breathe easy at home. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 3, 233339361667615.
[24] Papadopoulos, N. G., Arakawa, H., Carlsen, K.-H., Custovic, A., Gern, J., Lemanske, R., Le Souef, P., Mäkelä, M., Roberts, G., Wong, G., Zar, H., Akdis, C. A., Bacharier, L. B., Baraldi, E., van Bever, H. P., de Blic, J., Boner, A., Burks, W., Casale, T. B.,… Zeiger, R. S. (2012). International Consensus on (ICON) pediatric asthma. Allergy, 67(8), 976–997.
[25] Tohidinik, H., Mallah, N., & Takkouche, B. (2019). History of allergic rhinitis and risk of asthma; A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Allergy Organization Journal, 12(10), 100069.
[26] Kynyk, J., Mastronarde, J., & McCallister, J. (2011). Asthma, the sex difference. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 17(1), 6–11.
[27] Castro-Rodriguez, J. (2016). A new childhood asthma phenotype: Obese with early menarche. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 18, 85–89.
[28] Ober, C. (2016). Asthma genetics in the post-GWAS era. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 13(1), S85–S90.
[29] Sharma, S., Zhou, X., Thibault, D. M., Himes, B. E., Liu, A., Szefler, S. J., Strunk, R., Castro, M., Hansel, N. N., Diette, G. B., Vonakis, B. M., Franklin Adkinson, N., Jr., Avila, L., Soto-Quiros, M., Barraza-Villareal, A., Lemanske, R. F., Jr., Solway, J., Krishnan, J., White, S. R.,…Raby, B. A. (2014). A genome-wide survey of CD4 (+) lymphocyte regulatory genetic variants identifies novel asthma genes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 134(5), 1153–1162.
[30] Al-Frayh, A. R., Shakoor, Z., & Hasnain, S. M. (2016). Family history of atopy as a risk factor for childhood asthma and allergic disorders in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Disease and Global Health, 8(1), 18–25.
[31] Abbott, S., Becker, P., & Green, R. (2013). The relationship between maternal atopy and childhood asthma in Pretoria, South Africa. ISRN Allergy, 2013, 1–4.
[32] Xu, R., DeMauro, S., & Feng, R. (2015). The impact of parental history on children's risk of asthma: A study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-III. Journal of Asthma and Allergy, 8, 51–61.
[33] Caffarelli, C., Garrubba, M., Greco, C., Mastrorilli, C., & Dascola, C. P. (2016). Asthma and food allergy in children: Is there a connection or interaction. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 4, 34.
[34] Wang, J., & Liu, A. H. (2012). Food allergies and asthma. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 11(3), 249–254.
[35] Rao, D. (2011). Impact of environmental controls on childhood asthma. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 11(5), 414–420.
[36] Taborda-Barata, L., & Potter, P. (2012). Socio-epidemiological aspects of respiratory allergic diseases in Southern Africa. World Allergy Organization Journal, 5(1), 1–8.