[1] Booker, S. Q., Herr, K. A., & Horgas, A. L. (2021). A paradigm shift for movement-based pain assessment in older adults: Practice, policy and regulatory drivers. Pain Management Nursing, 22(1), 21–27. http://www.painmanagementnursing.org/article/S1524904220301715/fulltext https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.08.003

[2] McCabe, C., Feeney, A., Basa, M., Eustace-Cook, J., & McCann, M. (2023). Nurses knowledge, attitudes and education needs towards acute pain management in hospital settings: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 32(15-16), 4325–4336. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.16612 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16612

[3] Omotosho, T. O. A., Sey-Sawo, J., Omotosho, O. F., & Njie, Y. (2023). Knowledge and attitudes of nurses towards pain management at Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 18, 100534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2023.100534

[4] Tracey, I., Woolf, C. J., & Andrews, N. A. Composite pain biomarker signatures for objective assessment and effective treatment. Neuron, 101(5), 783–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.019

[5] Stanhope, J., Breed, M. F., & Weinstein, P. (2020). Exposure to greenspaces could reduce the high global burden of pain. Environmental Research, 187, 109641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109641

[6] Meulders, A. (2020). Fear in the context of pain: Lessons learned from 100 years of fear conditioning research. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 131, 103635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103635

[7] Levy, N., Sturgess, J., & Mills, P. (2018). Pain as the fifth vital sign and dependence on the “numerical pain scale” is being abandoned in the US: Why? British Journal of Anaesthesia, 123(3), 435–438.

[8] Booker, S. Q., Herr, K. A., & Horgas, A. L. (2021). A paradigm shift for movement-based pain assessment in older adults: Practice, policy and regulatory drivers. Pain Management Nursing, 22(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.08.003

[9] Leyva Carmona, M., Torres Luna, R., Ortiz San Román, L., Marsinyach Ros, I., Navarro Marchena, L., Mangudo Paredes, A. B., Ceano-Vivas la Calle, M., & the en representación del Grupo Español para el Estudio del Dolor Pediátrico (GEEDP) de la AEP. (2019). [Position document of the Spanish association of paediatrics group for the study of paediatric pain on the recording of pain as fifth vital sign]. Anales de Pediatría (English Ed.), 91(1), 58.e1–58.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.05.001

[10] Tompkins, D. A., Hobelmann, J. G., & Compton, P. (2017). Providing chronic pain management in the “Fifth Vital Sign” Era: Historical and treatment perspectives on a modern-day medical dilemma. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 173(1), S11–S21.

[11] Lubek, J. E. (2018). Pain management and the health care provider—Opioids, cannabinoids, and the drug abuse epidemic. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 126(4), 299–300.

[12] Morriss, W. W., & Roques, C. J. (2018). Pain management in low- and middle-income countries. BJA Education, 18(9), 265–270.

[13] Vitullo, M., Holloway, D., Tellson, A., Nguyen, H., Estimon, K., Linthicum, J., Viejo, H., Coffee, A., & Huddleston, P. (2020). Surgical patients’ and registered nurses’ satisfaction and perception of using the Clinically Aligned Pain Assessment (CAPA©) tool for pain assessment. Journal of Vascular Nursing, 38(3), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2020.07.001

[14] Umuhoza, O., Chironda, G., Katende, G., & Mukeshimana, M. (2019). Perceived knowledge and practices of nurses regarding immediate post-operative pain management in surgical wards in Rwanda. A descriptive cross-sectional study. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 10, 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2019.04.006

[15] Brennan, F., Lohman, D., & Gwyther, L. (2019). Access to pain management as a human right. American Journal of Public Health, 109(1), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304743

[16] Shoqirat, N., Mahasneh, D., Al-Khawaldeh, O., & Singh, C. (2019). Postoperative patients in Jordan: Pain prevalence, characteristics, beliefs, and satisfaction. Pain Management Nursing, 20(3), 239–244. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31097373/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2018.12.004

[17] Ahmadi, S., Vojdani, P., & MortezaBagi, H. R. (2023). The study of nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management and control in emergency departments. BMC Emergency Medicine, 23(1), 1–10. https://bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12873-023-00793-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-023-00793-y

[18] King, N. B., & Fraser, V. (2013). Untreated pain, narcotics regulation, and global health ideologies. PLoS Medicine, 10(4), e1001411. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001411 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001411

[19] Lovasi, O., Lám, J., Frank, K., Schutzmann, R., & Gaál, P. (2023). The first comprehensive survey of the practice of postoperative pain management in Hungarian hospitals: A descriptive study. Pain Management Nursing, 24(3), 342–349. http://www.painmanagementnursing.org/article/S152490422200220X/fulltext https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2022.12.001

[20] Alotaibi, K., Higgins, I., & Chan, S. (2019). Nurses’ knowledge and attitude toward pediatric pain management: A cross-sectional study. Pain Management Nursing, 20(2), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2018.09.001

[21] Gjesdal, K., Dysvik, E., & Furnes, B. (2019). Nurses’ experiences with health care in pain clinics: A qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(2), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.005

[22] Dang, H., & Stafseth, S. K. (2023). Documentation for assessing pain in postoperative pain management pre- and post-intervention. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 38(1), 88–95. http://www.jopan.org/article/S1089947222002386/fulltext https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2022.05.079

[23] AL-Sayaghi, K. M., Fadlalmola, H. A., Aljohani, W. A., Alenezi, A. M., Aljohani, D. T., Aljohani, T. A., Alsaleh, S. A., Aljohani, K. A., Aljohani, M. S., Alzahrani, N. S., Alamri, A. A., Alhousah, A. H., & Khan, M. F. (2022). Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain assessment and management in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare, 10(3), 528. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/3/528/htm

[24] Ou, M., Xu, X., Chen, Y., Yan, Y., Wang, K., & Zhou, L. (2021). Factors related to nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward pain in hospitals in low-income areas. Pain Management Nursing, 22(3), 386–393. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713684/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.06.009

[25] Jamal, K., Alameri, R. A., Alqahtani, F. M., AlGarni, R. S., Alamri, N. A., Elshnawie, H. A., Elmetwally Abdelaal Badawi, S., & Mohammad Hussien, A. (2023). Knowledge and attitudes of critical care nurses regarding pain management in Saudi Arabia. Medical Archives, 77(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.5455%2Fmedarh.2023.77.49-55

[26] Shoqirat, N., Mahasneh, D., Al-Khawaldeh, O., & Al Hadid, L. (2019). Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and barriers toward pain management among postoperative patients in Jordan. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 34(2), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2018.05.012

[27] Liyew, B., Dejen Tilahun, A., Habtie Bayu, N., & Kassew, T. (2020). Knowledge and attitude towards pain management among nurses working at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Pain Research & Management, 2020, 6036575.

[28] Almutairi, A. M., Pandaan, I. N., Alsufyani, A. M., Almutiri, D. R., Alhindi, A. A., & Alhusseinan, K. S. (2022). Managing patients’ pain in the intensive care units: Nurses’ awareness of pain management. [Internet]. Saudi Medical Journal, 43(5), 514–521. https://smj.org.sa/content/43/5/514 https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2022.43.5.20220169

[29] D’emeh, W. M., Yacoub, M. I., Darawad, M. W., Al-Badawi, T. H., & Shahwan, B. (2016). Pain-related knowledge and barriers among Jordanian nurses: A national study. Health (Irvine, Calif.), 08(06), 548–558. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2016.86058

[30] Rasmi Issa, M., Awaje, H. A. M., & Khraisat, F. S. (2017). Knowledge and attitude about pain and pain management among critical care nurses in a tertiary hospital. Journal of Critical and Intensive Care, 03(01). https://doi.org/10.21767/2471-8505.100071

[31] Alotaibi, K., Higgins, I., & Chan, S. (2019). Nurses’ knowledge and attitude toward pediatric pain management: A cross-sectional study. Pain Management Nursing, 20(2), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2018.09.001

[32] Shoqirat, N., Mahasneh, D., Al-Khawaldeh, O., & Al Hadid, L. (2019). Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and barriers toward pain management among postoperative patients in Jordan. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 34(2), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2018.05.012

[33] Eleke, C., Azuonwu, G., Agu, I. S., Nnorom, R. M., Ogini, A. N., Eleke-Bempong, E., & Uzoma, R. A. (2020). Knowledge of palliative care among professional nurses in south east Nigeria: A needs assessment for continuing education. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 13, 100237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100237

[34] Minaya-Freire, A., Ramon-Aribau, A., Pou-Pujol, G., Fajula-Bonet, M., & Subirana-Casacuberta, M. (2020). Facilitators, barriers, and solutions in pain management for older adults with dementia. Pain Management Nursing, 21(6), 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.03.003

[35] Ahmadi, S., Vojdani, P., & MortezaBagi, H. R. (2023). The study of nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management and control in emergency departments. BMC Emergency Medicine, 23(1), 26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36907850/ https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-023-00793-y

[36] Chen, J., Walsh, S., Delaney, C., & Cong, X. (2020). Pain management in patients with heart failure: A survey of nurses’ perception. Pain Management Nursing, 21(4), 365–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2019.09.004

[37] Ortiz, M. I., Cuevas-Suárez, C. E., Cariño-Cortés, R., Navarrete-Hernández, J. J., & González-Montiel, C. A. (2022). Nurses knowledge and attitude regarding pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 63, 103390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103390

[38] Samarkandi, O. A. (2018). Knowledge and attitudes of nurses toward pain management. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 12(2), 220–226. https://journals.lww.com/sjan/fulltext/2018/12020/knowledge_and_attitudes_of_nurses_toward_pain.9.aspx https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_587_17

[39] Sweity, E. M., Salahat, A. M., Sada A. A., Aswad, A., Zabin, L. M., & Zyoud, S. H. (2022). Knowledge, attitude, practice and perceived barriers of nurses working in intensive care unit on pain management of critically ill patients: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing, 21, 202. https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-022-00990-3

[40] Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah Awad, H., Saif Eldein Abdel Rahman Mahjoub, A., & Idris Mohamed Idris, O. (2022). Perceived barriers of utilization of non-pharmacological pain management among post-operative patients (nurse’s perspectives) at Khartoum Public Hospitals, 2021-2022. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 10(08), 668–673. https://ijsrm.net/index.php/ijsrm/article/view/3821

[41] Field, N., Cohen, T., Struelens, M. J., Palm, D., Cookson, B., Glynn, J. R., Gallo, V., Ramsay, M., Sonnenberg, P., Maccannell, D., Charlett, A., Egger, M., Green, J., Vineis, P., & Abubakar, I. (2014). Strengthening the reporting of molecular epidemiology for infectious diseases (STROME-ID): An extension of the STROBE statement. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 14(4), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70324-4

[42] Cuschieri, S. (2019). The STROBE guidelines. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 13(5, Suppl 1), S31–S34. https://journals.lww.com/sjan/fulltext/2019/13001/the_strobe_guidelines.9.aspx https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_543_18

[43] Tamomh, A. G., Agena, A. M., Elamin, E., Suliman, M. A., Elmadani, M., Omara, A. B., & Musa, S. A. (2021). Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea under five years admitted to Kosti teaching hospital, Kosti City, Sudan. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 349. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853528/ https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06047-1

[44] Elkhalifa, A. M. E., Abdul-Ghani, R., Tamomh, A. G., Eltaher, N. E., Ali, N. Y., Ali, M. M., Bazie, E. A., KhirAlla, A., DfaAlla, F. A., & Alhasan, O. A. M. (2021). Hematological indices and abnormalities among patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kosti city of the White Nile state, Sudan: A comparative study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 507. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34059017/ https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06228-y

[45] Ali, Z. A. H., Abd El-Raheem, G. O. H., & Noma, M. (2023). Status of rheumatoid arthritis practice and treatment in Sudan. Scientific African, 22, e01939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01939

[46] Nooh, H. Z., Alshammary, R. H., Alenezy, J. M., Alrowaili, N. H., Alsharari, A. J., Alenzi, N. M., & Sabaa, H. E. (2021). Public awareness of coronavirus in Al-Jouf region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Public Health (Berlin), 29(5), 1107–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01209-y

[47] McCaffery, M., & Ferrell, B. R. (1997). Nurses’ knowledge of pain assessment and management: How much progress have we made? Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 14(3), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(97)00170-X

[48] Wu, L., Chen, X., Jia, S., Yan, L., Li, J., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., Lu, J., & Li, W. (2023). Evaluating the relationship between pain empathy, knowledge and attitudes among nurses in North China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing, 22, 411. https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-023-01577-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01577-2

[49] AL-Sayaghi, K. M., Fadlalmola, H. A., Aljohani, W. A., Alenezi, A. M., Aljohani, D. T., Aljohani, T. A., Alsaleh, S. A., Aljohani, K. A., Aljohani, M. S., Alzahrani, N. S., Alamri, A. A., Alhousah, A. H., & Khan, M. F. (2022). Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain assessment and management in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare, 10(3), 528.

[50] Nguyen, A. T., Dang, A. K., Nguyen, H. T. T., Nguyen, T. X., Nguyen, T. N., Nguyen, T. T. H., Pham, T., Nguyen, A. L., Nguyen, T. T. N., Nguyen Thi, H., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, S. H., Tran, B. X., Latkin, C., Ho, R. C. M., Ho, C. S. H., & Vu, H. T. T. (2021). Assessing knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management among nurses working in a geriatric hospital in Vietnam. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 14, 799–807. https://www.dovepress.com/assessing-knowledge-and-attitudes-regarding-pain-management-among-nurs-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDH https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S285044

[51] Shdaifat, E., Al-Shdayfat, N., & Sudqi, A. (2020). Saudi nursing students’ pain management knowledge and attitudes. Nursing Open, 7(6), 1833–1839. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/nop2.570 https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.570

[52] Karami, S., Shobeiri, S. M., Jafari, H., & Jafari, H. (2017). Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards climate change education (CCE) among lower secondary teachers in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 9(3), 402–415. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0043

[53] Mateo, J. P., Campbell, I., Cottier-Cook, E. J., Luhan, M. R. J., Ferriols, V. M. E. N., & Hurtado, A. Q. (2021). Understanding biosecurity: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of seaweed farmers in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 33(2), 997–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02352-5

[54] Al-Rawajfah, O. M., Al-Mugeed, K. A., Alaloul, F., Al-Rajaibi, H. M., & Al Omari, O. (2021). COVID-19 knowledge, attitude, and precautionary practices among health professional students in Oman. Nurse Education in Practice, 52, 103041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103041

[55] Rajbhandari, A. K., Dhaubanjar, R., Gc, K. B., & Dahal, M. (2018). Knowledge and practice of personal hygiene among secondary school students of grade nine and ten. Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences, 5(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v5i2.24030

[56] Jalal, S. M., Akhter, F., Abdelhafez, A. I., & Alrajeh, A. M. Assessment of knowledge, practice and attitude about biomedical waste management among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 crises in Al-Ahsa. Healthcare, 9(6), 747. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/9/6/747

[57] Sarmiento-Senior, D., Matiz, M. I., Jaramillo-Gómez, J. F., Olano, V. A., Vargas, S. L., Alexander, N., Lenhart, A., Stenström, T. A., & Overgaard, H. J. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about dengue among pupils from rural schools in an endemic area in Colombia. Biomédica, 39, 478–490. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.4255

[58] Sundjaja, J. H., Shrestha, R., & Krishan, K. (2023). McNemar and Mann-Whitney U tests. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560699/

[59] Bewick, V., Cheek, L., & Ball, J. (2004). Statistics review 10: Further nonparametric methods. Critical Care (London, England), 8(3), 196–199. https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc2857 https://doi.org/10.1186/cc2857

[60] Alotaibi, K., Higgins, I., & Chan, S. (2019). Nurses’ knowledge and attitude toward pediatric pain management: A cross-sectional study. Pain Management Nursing, 20(2), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2018.09.001

[61] Salameh, B. (2018). Nurses’ knowledge regarding pain management in high acuity care units: A case study of Palestine. International Journal of Health Sciences (Qassim), 12(3), 51–57.

[62] Samarkandi, O. A. (2018). Knowledge and attitudes of nurses toward pain management. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 12(2), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_587_17

[63] Mao, A., Cheong, P. L., Van, I. K., & Tam, H. L. (2021). I am called girl, but that doesn’t matter -Perspectives of male nurses regarding gender-related advantages and disadvantages in professional development. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00539-w

[64] Mitello, L., Marucci, A. R., Salvatore, S., Sii Onesto, A., Baglio, G., & Latina, R. (2021). Predictors of nurses’ attitudes and knowledge towards pain management in Italy. A cross-sectional study in the hospital settings. Applied Nursing Research, 62, 151512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151512

[65] Alnajar, M. K., Darawad, M. W., Alshahwan, S. S., & Samarkandi, O. A. (2019). Knowledge and attitudes toward cancer pain management among nurses at oncology units. Journal of Cancer Education, 34(1), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-017-1285-5

[66] Kahsay, D. T., & Pitkäjärvi, M. (2019). Emergency nurses´ knowledge, attitude and perceived barriers regarding pain management in resource-limited settings: Cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing, 18(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0380-9

[67] Yu, W., Li, D., Lu, Y., Yang, H., & Ma, X. (2021). Knowledge and attitudes of Chinese oncology nurses regarding cancer pain management – A cross-sectional study. Journal of Cancer Education, 36(5), 1115–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-020-01743-z

[68] Ortiz, M. I., Cuevas-Suárez, C. E., Cariño-Cortés, R., Navarrete-Hernández, J. J., & González-Montiel, C. A. (2022). Nurses knowledge and attitude regarding pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 63, 103390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103390

[69] Seddig, S., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Nurses’ knowledge regarding neonatal pain management at neonatal care unites in Wad Medani Pediatric and Obstetrics and Gynecology Teaching Hospitals. Gezira State, Sudan, 2020(Nov), 21.

[70] Adams SDM, Varaei S, Jalalinia F. (2020). Nurses’ knowledge and attitude towards postoperative pain management in Ghana. Pain Research & Management, 2020, 4893707.

[71] Melile Mengesha, B., Moga Lencha, F., & Ena Digesa, L. (2022). Pain assessment practice and associated factors among nurses working at adult care units in public hospitals in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2021. BMC Nursing, 21(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00892-4

[72] Card, E. B., Wells, N., Mesko, P., Eliades, A., MacDonald, R., & Krenzischek, D. A. (2021). Perianesthesia nurses pain management practices: Findings and recommendations from a national descriptive study of members of the American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 36(2), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2020.07.007

[73] Ayenew, T., Melaku, B., Gedfew, M., Amha, H., & Anteneh, K. (2021). Nurses’ knowledge, practice, and associated factors of pain assessment in critically ill adult patients at public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 15, 100361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100361

[74] Sweity, E. M., Salahat, A. M., Sada, A., Aswad, A., Zabin, L. M., & Zyoud, S. H. (2022). Knowledge, attitude, practice and perceived barriers of nurses working in intensive care unit on pain management of critically ill patients: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00990-3

[75] Innab, A., Alammar, K., Alqahtani, N., Aldawood, F., Kerari, A., & Alenezi, A. (2022). The impact of a 12-hour educational program on nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management: A quasi-experimental study. BMC Nursing, 21, 202.

[76] Maribbay, G. M. L., Bdair, I. A., Alalyani, M. M., & Al-Shloul, M. N. (2023). Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and barriers toward pain assessment and management in Assir Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 41(1), 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101221076677

[77] Samarkandi, O. A. (2018). Knowledge and attitudes of nurses toward pain management. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 12(2), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_587_17

[78] McCaffery, M., & Ferrell, B. R. (1997). Nurses’ knowledge of pain assessment and management: How much progress have we made? Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 14(3), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(97)00170-X