Isolation Hope and Threat of Mangrove Restoration Program in Bogowonto Lagoon, Yogyakarta - Indonesia (2002-2014)
Abstract
Bogowonto Lagoon has the largest mangrove ecosystem in southern coast of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Several activities on mangrove restoration have been conducted to escalate this remnant mangrove forest area. Conversely, rapid increase of shrimp pond area become threat for mangrove ecosystem in Bogowonto lagoon since the early of 21st century. Hence, This study is aimed to investigate mangrove composition, distribution and abundance, progress of mangrove restoration program and shrimp pond extensification in 2002 to 2014. Conducted from April 2015 to May 2015, this research consists of several steps namely survey, vegetation analysis, literature study, sociological study using questionnaire, measurement of mangrove and shrimp pond area using Landsat 8 imageries and Arc GIS 10.1. We determined 15 sites along Bogowonto Lagoon using random sampling by quadratic plot (10 m × 10 m for tree, 5 m ×5 m for sapling) and total counts (for seedling). The result showed that there were seven species of mangrove and six species of associate mangrove. Rhizopora mucronata Lamb. was dominant in each growthform with clumped distribution. R. mucronata and Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. also dominate from backswamp to rivermouth. Satellite imageries revealed that there was a hope due to upward trends of mangrove area in last 12 yr (approximately 5 ha). However, the significant increase sof shrimp pond area (approximately 34 ha) surrounding mangrove area become current and future threat. Based on sociological study, most of people around Bogowonto Lagoon have high awareness, but less participated on mangrove restoration program. Besides, the river mouth covered by sand become another obstacle of it.
Keywords: Bogowonto lagoon, mangrove restoration, shrimp pond, vegetation analysis
References
[1] TS. Djohan, “Mangrove distribution at the lagoons in the southern coast of Yogyakarta,” Journal of People and Environment, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 15–25, 2007.
[2] H. Wirjodarmodjo, SD. Soeroso, and S. Bambang, “Management of Cilacap brackish water. Proceeding of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Seminar., Jakarta,” in Management of Cilacap brackish water. Proceeding of Mangrove Forest EcosystemSeminar., Jakarta, 1979.
[3] D. Murdiyarso, D. Donato, JB. Kauffman, S. Kurnianto, M. Stidham, and M. Kanninen, “Carbon storage in mangrove and peatland ecosystems: a preliminary account from plots,” in in Indonesia . CIFOR Working Paper No.48, p. 35, Bogor, Indonesia, 2010.
[4] L. Wang, W. P. Sousa, and P. Gong, “Integration of object-based and pixel-based classification for mapping mangroves with IKONOS imagery,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 25, no. 24, pp. 5655–5668, 2004.
[5] S. English, CR. Wilkinson, and VJ. Baker, “Survey manual for tropical marine resources,” Australian Institute of Marine Science, p. 368, 1994.
[6] Djohan., “Mangrove development project in the southern coast of Yogyakarta,” Mangrove Regional Workshop, 2000.
[7] Sawitri., Environment management strategy of mangrove ecosystem in the river mouth of Bogowonto river, Kulon Progo. [Thesis]., Yogyakarta, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2012.
[8] M. S. Nahdi and A. P. Kurniawan, “Vegetation species abundance in mangrove ecosystem of Pasir Mendit at Bogowonto Lagoon Kulon Progo Yogyakarta,” Journal of Biological Researches, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 32–37, 2015.
[9] K. Kathiresan, “Why are mangroves degrading?” Current Science, vol. 83, no. 10, pp. 1246–1249, 2002.
[10] NC. Duke, “Australia s mangroves,” in Australia ’s mangroves. University of Queensland, p. 200, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 2006.
[11] KG. Boto, “Waterlogged saline soils,” in in the Mangrove ecosystem: Research method. in. Sneaker SC Sneaker JG United Kingdom: UNESCO, pp. 114–259, United Kingdom: UNESCO, Bungay, 1984.
[12] A. E. Lugo and S. C. Snedaker, “The Ecology of Mangroves,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 39–64, 1974.
[13] C. Woodroffe, “Mangrove sediments and geomorphology,” in Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems, vol. 41 of Coastal and Estuarine Studies, pp. 7–41, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., 1992.
[14] A. I. Robertson, D. M. Alongi, and K. G. Boto, “Food chains and carbon fluxes,” in Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems, vol. 41 of Coastal and Estuarine Studies, pp. 293–326, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., 1992.
[15] J. Hutchison, A. Manica, R. Swetnam, A. Balmford, and M. Spalding, “Predicting global patterns in mangrove forest biomass,” Conservation Letters, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 233–240, 2014.
[16] D. Gillikin and AA. Verheyden, Field guide to Kenyan mangroves, URL http, //, 2005, http://www.mangrovecrabs.com/.Available in.
[17] C. McMillan, “Environmental Factors Affecting Seedling Establishment of the Black Mangrove on the Central Texas Coast,” Ecology, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 927–930, 1971.
[18] C. J. Humphries, “The Botany of Mangroves P.B. Tomlinson Cambridge University Press, 1986 413 pp HB £47·50 ($69·50),” Oryx, vol. 21, no. 03, pp. 197–, 1987.
[19] CAM. Orwa, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, and S. Anthony, Agroforestree database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0, World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya, 2009.
[20] N. Duke, K. Kathiresan, SG. Salmo, ES. Fernando, S. Peras Sukardjo Jr, and T. Miyagi, “Rhizophora mucronata. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,” 2012.
[21] H. T. Nguyen, D. E. Stanton, N. Schmitz, G. D. Farquhar, and M. C. Ball, “Growth responses of the mangrove Avicennia marina to salinity: Development and function of shoot hydraulic systems require saline conditions,” Annals of Botany, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 397–407, 2015.
[22] M. C. Ball, “Interactive effects of salinity and irradiance on growth: Implications for mangrove forest structure along salinity gradients,” Trees - Structure and Function, vol. 16, no. 2-3, pp. 126–139, 2002.
[23] K. L. McKee, “Growth and physiological responses of neotropical mangrove seedlings to root zone hypoxia,” Tree Physiology, vol. 16, no. 11-12, pp. 883–889, 1996.
[24] L. D. Lacerda, Mangrove Ecosystems, vol. , Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2002.
[25] P. Lin and X. Wei, “Ecological notes on the mangroves of Fujian, China,” in Biology and ecology of mangroves, vol. 8 of Tasks for vegetation science, pp. 31–36, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1983.
[26] R. R. Lewis III, “Ecological engineering for successful management and restoration of mangrove forests,” Ecological Engineering, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 403–418, 2005.
[27] M. Troell, P. Rönnbäck, C. Halling, N. Kautsky, and A. Buschmann, “Ecological engineering in aquaculture: Use of seaweeds for removing nutrients from intensive mariculture,” Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 89–97, 1999.
[28] P. Saenger, Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation, vol. , Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2002.