An In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Test of Meniran Herbs’(Phyllanthus Niruri L.) Ethanol ExtractAgainst Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in Broiler Chickens
Abstract
Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is a chicken respiratory disease that attacks both broilers and layers. Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) has important economic significance in the intensification of chicken farms because this disease can cause huge economic losses. Meniran plant (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is one of the plants that can be used as prevention and alternative treatment as a substitute of antibiotic caused by Mycoplasma galisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. The chemicals contained in meniran include tannins, saponins, alkaloids as antibacterials. The purpose of this study is to determine the activity of meniran herbs’ (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) as antibacterial to eradicate Mycoplasma galisepticum. The method of this study is dilution method which included Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC) was taken by making the concentration of meniran extract as much 65%, 62,5%; 60%; 55%; 50%; 45%; 40%. It was then added Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria. The result of this study is Meniran’s activation test on Mycoplasma galisepticum obtained a dose of 62,5% could eradicate Mycoplasma galisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. Meniran herbs’ (Phyllanthus niruri linn) is effective as antibacterial at concentrations of 30% against Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens.
Keywords: Meniran herbs’ (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn), Mycoplasma Galisepticum, Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)
References
[1]. Amanu, S dan Irwan B.R., 2004. Kejadian Infeksi Bakteri Mycoplasma gallisepticum pada kalkun, itik dan angsa di kabupaten Slema Daerah istimewa Yogyakarta. J, Sains Vet XXII (1).
[2]. Balistika. A; L Sutedja; dan H Agustina . 2001. Isolasi Senyawa Aktif Antibakteri dari Meniran [Phyllanthus Niruri L.) from: http://katalog.pdii.lipi.go.id/index.php/searchkatalog/downloadDatabyId/4057/4058.pdf
[3]. Barnes HJ and Yoder HW. 1984. Disease of Poultry. 8th ed. Iowa State University Press. 692-708.
[4]. Bokhari SA. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and prevention. Avian Research Center, University of Minnesota. Available at: http://www.cvm.umn.edu/avian/SFPC/Mycoplasma.html*. Accessed 17 March 2003.
[5]. Brooks GF, Butel JS, Morse SA. 2005. Medical Microbiology. McGraw-Hills Companies Inc.
[6]. Brooks, Geo F, Janet S. Buntel, dan Stephen A.Morse. 2005. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. Jakarta : Selemba Medika.
[7]. Butcher GD. Mycoplasma gallisepticum - a continuing problem in commercial poultry [VM130). Veterinary Medicine-Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida; 2002 May.
[8]. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 1979. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III. Halaman 410 – 411. Jakarta.
[9]. Elfahmi. 2006. Phytochemical and biosynthetic studies of Lignans, with a focus on Indonesian medicinal plants [dissertation). University of Groningen. 2006.
[10].Gordon, R.F.1997. Poultry Disease. Isted. Bailliere Tindall and Cox. London.
[11].Gross, T., J. Faull., S. Ketteridge., D. Springham. 1995. Introductory Microbiology. Chapman and Hall. Great Britain. 51.
[12]. Harborne, J. 1987. Metode Fitokimia, Edisi Kedua. ITB. Bandung.
[13]. Jawetz, E., Joseph, M., Edward, A., A., Geo, F., B., Jenet, S., B., dan Nocholas, L., O. 1996. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. Alih Bahasa : Edi Nugroho dan R., F., Maulany. Editor : Irawati Setiawan. Edisi XX. Jakarta : Penerbit EGC. Hal 50-51, 212, 214, 232, 242.
[14]. Kardiman, A dan FR Kusuma. 2004. Meniran Penambah Daya Tahan Tubuh Alami. Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta.
[15]. Konema, E.W., S.T. Allen, WM. Janda, P.C. Schreckenberger, Win and C.Jr. Washington. 1992. Diagnostic Microbiology. J.B. Lippicott Company. Philadelphia. Hal 618-638, 649-650.
[16]. Ley DH. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In Calnek BE, HJ Barnes, CW Beard, LR McDougald, YM Saif, editors. Diseases of poultry. 11th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press; 2003. p. 722-744.
[17]. Madigan M.T, John M.M and Jack P. 2003. Brock Biology Of Microorganisms. International Edition. Pearson Education Inc. United States of America. Page 699 and 704-705.
[18]. Mathivanan R, SC Edwin, R Amutha and K Viswanathan. 2006. Panchagavya and Andrographis Panicuata as Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoter on Broiler Production and Carcass Characteristic. India. Departement of Poultry Science, Veterinary College and Research Institute. Namakkal-637001.
[19]. Munasir, Z. 2002. Manfaat pemberian ekstrak phyllathus nururi sebagai imunostimulator pada penyakit infeksi anak. 2002. Available from: URL: http://www.tnial.mil.id/cakrawala.php3. 12/1/07.
[20]. Pelczar, J. Michael dan chan, E.C.S. 1988. Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi 2. Penerbit UI Press. Jakarta.
[21]. Soeripto. 2009. Chronic Respiratory Disease [CRD) pada ayam. Jurnal Martazoa. Vol. 19 no.3.
[22]. Tjandrawinata, R.R., S. Maat and D. Noviarny, 2005. Effect of standardized Phyllanthus niruri extract on changes in immunologic parameters: correlation between preclinical and clinical studies. Medika XXXI [6) : 367-371.
[23] Tjay, dan Raharja. 2002, Obat-Obat Penting: Khasiat Penggunaan dan Efek-Efek Sampingnya, Edisi Kelima, Cetakan Kedua, Penerbit PT. Alex Media Komputindo, Jakarta.
[24] Vance, A., S. Branton, S. Collier, P. Gerald and E.Peebles. 2008. Effects of prelay ts11-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation and time specific F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation overlays on internal egg and eggshell characteristics of commercial laying hens. Poult. Sci.87: 1358 – 1363.
[25]. Willey J.M, Sherwood L.M, Woolverten C.J. 2009. Prescott’s Principle of Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. New York.