Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) Play Role in Adaptive Immunity in Rabbits Immunized by Sarcoptes scabiei Proteins
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange is one of the most economically important diseases in goats in Indonesia, and increasing number of cases of treatment failure is being reported because of drug resistance. Nowadays, it is considered as an emerging/re-emerging parasitic disease that threatens human and animal health globally. Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) is a receptor which plays role in innate immunity due to microbial infection. TLR-5 is a receptor that can recognize ligand produced by bacterial component, and TLR-7 is involved in the recognition of ligand that similar to ssRNA virus. This research aims are to detect Sarcoptes scabiei antigenic protein which can induce cellular immune response in rabbit as adaptive immunity with TLR-5 and TLR-7 as marker.This research was performed in several stages: isolation and identification S. scabiei from scabies infected goats; extraction of soluble protein S.scabiei mite, the rabbit immunization by inoculating protein antigen S. scabiei with dosage of 500µg, repeated five times as booster in two weeks, the examination of TLR-5 and TLR-7 expression using direct immunofluorescence technique. The result of cellular immune response is shown by TLR-5 and TLR-7 expression in rabbit T limphocytes which appear yellow to green fluorescence color using fluorescence microscope. The amount of fluoresnce T lymphocytes showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between control and various boosters, and significantly increased in 3rd booster or 42 days post immunization. The conclusion showed protein from S. scabiei mites taken from goat contains ligands, acting as receptors which involve in pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that can induce adaptive immunity and recognized by TLR-5 and TLR-7. It shows that TLR is not only involved in innate immunity but also in adaptive immunity, and can be used as alternative adjuvant development.
Keywords: Sarcoptes scabiei, TLR- 5, TLR-7, goats, rabbits.
References
S. Tarigan. Antibody responses in naïve and sensitised goats infested by Sarcoptes scabiei. JTIV. 2004, 9:258-265
N. Kido, M. Itabashi, M.Takahashi, M.Futami. Epidemiology of sarcoptic mange in free –ranging raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Yokohama, Japan. Vet.Parasitol. 2013,19:102-107.
S.F. Walton, B.J. Currie. Problems in diagnosing scabies, a global disease, in human and animal populations. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007, 20:268-279.
N.D. Lastuti. Specific antigenic protein 57.3 kDa of Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae as material candidate of scabies diagnostic kit for goat and Toll-like receptor mediated Immune Responses. Doctoral diss. Postgraduate Program. Universitas Airlangga. 2009.
S. Alasaad, L. Rossi, J. Heukelbach, J.M. Perez, O. Hamarsheh, M. Otiende, X.Q. Zhu. The neglected navigating web of the incomprehensibly emerging and re-emerging sarcoptic mite. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2013, 17: 253-259.
C. Pasare and R. Medzhitov,. Control of B cell Responses by Toll-like receptor. Nature. 2005, 364-438.
J.M. Blander and R. Medzhitov. Toll Dependent Selection of Microbial Antigens for Precentation by Dendritic Cells. Nature. 2006, pp 440, 808.
H. Xiao, X. Li and D.W. Abbot. Analysis of TLR Expression, Regulation and Signalling. Signalling by Toll like receptor. Edited by Gregory WK. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group. 2008, Chapter 3: 39-55.
L. Williams and Wilkins. Toll Receptor Modulate Allergic Responses. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003, 3: 487-494. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle
D. Xu, H. Liu and M.K. Koma. Direct and Indirect Role of Toll-Like Receptors in T Cell Mediated Immunity. Cell & Molec Immunol. 2004, 1:239-246.
E.J.L. Soulsby. Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animal. 7th ed. The English and protozoa of society and Baillire, Tindall, London. 1986, pp 504-506.
F.A. Rantam. The method of immunology. Airlangga University Press. 2003; p 145-155.
A.K. Abbas and A.H. Litchman. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 5th. Ed. International Edition. Elsevier Saunders Inc. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 2005, 41-105, 411-432.
M.T. Madigan and J.M. Martinko. Biology of Microorganisms. 11th Ed. Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Pearson Prentice Hall. Pearson Education Inc. 2006, pp 732-756.
S. Janssens and R. Beyaert. Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Pathogen Recognation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003, 16: 637-646.
M.J. McCluskie and A.M. Krieg. Enhancement of infectious disease vaccines through TLR9 dependent recognation of CpG DNA. Curr Top Microbiol. 2006, 311: 155-178.
C. Schetter and J. Vollmer. Toll-like receptors involved in the response to microbial pathogens: development of agonists for toll-like receptor 9. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2004, 7: 204-210.