Concept and Structure of Tolerance (Experience of Theoretical Research)
Abstract
Norms and values in societies are different in civilizational, historical, and ethnical aspect because they were formed according to the specific historical needs of each society. They contain the requirements for both intolerant and tolerant attitude towards ‘others’. The modern concept which social scientists use to try to grasp the sense of “peaceful coexistence in a multicultural society” is the concept of ‘tolerance’. Social science borrowed the concept of tolerance from medicine where tolerance is defined as a neutral or insignificant reaction of a living being to biologically active substances and objects that enter it. In social science itself, tolerance appears as a compromise (conflict-free) behavior in a multicultural society. According to the principles of organization, tolerance is divided into radical (fundamental non-violence) and moderate (civil society). Based on behavior, tolerance represents four levels: 1) unconscious tolerance (symbiosis); 2) conscious (educated) tolerance (indifference, conformism, understanding, consent); 3) self-serving (interaction, cooperation, solidarity); 4) actual (emotional) tolerance (affection, reciprocity, infatuation, love). In total, we get 22 (4 conscious + 3 self-serving + 4 actual) × 2 (radical and moderate) types of tolerance, plus unconscious tolerance/symbiosis. The problem of tolerance is the problem of the correlation of good and harm arising from compromise (conflict-free) behavior in a multicultural society. Therefore, tolerance is an individual measure of good/harm arising from compromise (conflict-free) behavior in a multicultural society. Values can be normative (individual measure of good/harm corresponding to their social measure) and non-normative (individual measure of good/harm not corresponding to their social measure). The absence of a definition of tolerance in modern legislation indicates the normative nature of this value. Consequently, tolerance is a non-normative value of compromise (conflict-free) behavior in a multicultural society. Aim: theoretical study and definition of the concept and structure of tolerance.
Keywords: tolerance, value, norm, structure of tolerance
References
[1] Bachinin, V. A. (2005). Ethics. Encyclopedic dictionary, M.: Publishing house V.A. Mikhailova p. 241.
[2] The Book of Matthew. Retrieved October 20, 2019 from http://apologetica.ru/biblie/matf19.html, Chapter 19
[3] Bondyreva, S. K. and Kolesov, D. V. (2003). Tolerance (introduction). Izdatelstvo: Moscow psychologysocial Institute, p. 240.
[4] Bracher, V. M. and Kruk, I. V. (1995). Dictionary of psychiatric terms. Retrieved December 16, 2019 from http://bookitut.ru/Tolkovyj-slovarj-psikhiatricheskikh-terminov.1.html
[5] The Universal Declaration of human rights. Retrieved January 12, 2010 from http://www.ifapcom.ru/ files/Documents/udhrights.pdf.
[6] Golovko, A. I. (2017). Vector of tolerance in the policy of Germany: the effects of a migration crisis. Conference Europe, Russia, Asia: Cooperation, contradictions, conflicts. Ryazan, pp. 181–184
[7] The Declaration on the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/ minority_rights.shtml
[8] UN Declaration on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. Retrieved December 16, 2019 from https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/r18_1904.shtml
[9] The Declaration of principles of the person. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from http://www.tolerance.ru/ toler-deklaraciya.php
[10] The Declaration of principles of tolerance. Retrieved April 7, 2016 from http://www.tolerance.ru/tolerdeklaraciya.php
[11] King M. L. (1960) Pilgrimage to nonviolence. Retrieved April 7, 2016 from http://www.gumer.info/ bogoslov_ Buks/protestant/King_PalomNenasil.php
[12] The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from http://www.constitution.ru/
[13] Krysin, L. P. (2008). The explanatory dictionary of foreign words - (Library of dictionaries). M.: Eksmo,. 944.
[14] Kutsenko, S. A. (2003). Fundamentals of toxicology. vol. 4„ Northern (Arctic) Federal University. M.V. Lomonosov, Saint-Petersburg, p. 119.
[15] Lebedeva, I. (2015). The policy of multiculturalism in Germany: yesterday and today. Modern science and innovation, vol. 3, p. 142.
[16] Lebedeva, I. (2015). The policy of multiculturalism in Germany: yesterday and today. Modern science and innovation, vol. 3, p. 143.
[17] Lenin, V. I. (1917). The state and revolution. The Marxist theory of the state and the tasks proletariat in the revolution. Petrograd, p. 184. Printed in 1918 as a separate brochure in ed. ”Life and Knowledge”. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from https://www.marxists.org/russkij/lenin/works/lenin007.htm
[18] Locke, J.(1988). The experience of religious tolerance. Works, vol. 3, p. 70. Retrieved January 16 https: //platona.net/load/knigi_po_filosofii/istorija_novoe_vremja/lokk
[19] Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1955). Work
[20] Menshikova, N. S. (2015). The phenomenon of “tolerance”: the essential characteristics and legal bases of formation of culture of tolerance in the age of multiculturalism. Petersburg, vol. 3, pp. 15–18.
[21] Nesterov, M. A. (2018). The Holocaust in the occupied Soviet territories during the great Patriotic war: causes and extent. Economics and society: prospects of development. Economy and society prospects for development. The collection of materials of the 2nd All-Russian scientific conference. Syzran. Syzran, pp. 194-198.
[22] Nikonova, L. G. (2011). Structural and functional features of elements of the pancreas in animals with different glucose tolerance. Medical Almanac, vol. 5, issue 18, pp. 161–164.
[23] Park, D. V., Uteshen, B. S. and Babichev, V. A. (1975). Biochemistry of foreign compounds. Developlments in allergy, vol. 18, pp. 43–96.
[24] Pertsev, A. V. (2003). Life strategy of tolerance: the problem of formation in Russia and in the West. UMDK. Ekaterinburg, Pp. 5–7.
[25] Pershin, Y. V. (2018). The religious roots of the Holocaust. Topical issues of modern science and education. MFUA. Kirov, pp. 73-81.
[26] Rahmaylov, E. V. (2014). Eugenics and racial hygiene as a sociophilosophical ideology of fascism. Science and world, vol. 10, issue 14, pp. 104-107.
[27] Semikin, A. A. (2019). The lessons of history — the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Rostov Scientific Journal, vol. 2, pp. 30–38.
[28] Dictionary Academician. (2012) Retrieved January 16, 2020 from https://philosophy_sponville. academic.ru/2096/Терпимост
[29] Dictionary Academician. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from https://dic.academic.ru/searchall. php?SWord=терпеть&from=xx&to=ru&did=&stype=
[30] Dictionary Academician. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ogegova/ 278870.
[31] Dictionary Academician. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from https://philosophy_sponville.academic.EN/ 2096/Tolerance.
[32] On tolerance to disease. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from http://medic.ua/tolerantnost-k-boleznyammozhet-byt-klyuchom-k-lecheniyu-tuberkuleza/.
[33] Talati, A. I. (2017). The sources of the theology of Martin Luther King. Conference on Christian values in the culture of today’s youth, pp. 150–155
[34] Taradanov, A. A. (2018). The logic of the social. The experience of theoretical reconstruction of anthroposociology. publisher Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk p. 123.
[35] Criminal code of the Russian Federation Retrieved December 01, 2019 from http://www.consultant.ru/ document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/
[36] Walter, M. (2000). Tolerance. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from https://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/ Polit/Walzer/index.php
[37] Uspenskii, F. I. (2000) “History of the Crusades”. Retrieved December 01, 2019 from https://azbyka.ru/ otechnik/Fedor_Uspenskij/istorija-krestovyh-pohodov/1#sel
[38] Fedyaev, A. I. (2010). Sociophilosophical ideas of non-resistance to evil. Journal of Chuvash University, vol. 2, pp. 123–128.
[39] Khomyakov, M. B. (2003). Tolerance: the paradoxical value. The limits of tolerance in modern society: materials of an international scientific conference. Saint–Petersburg, pp. 37–53.
[40] Khomyakov, M. B. (2011). Tolerance and its limits. National psychological journal, vol. 2, issue 6, pp. 25-34.
[41] Chebykina, O. A. (2012). System analysis of approaches to the concept of “tolerance”. Retrieved December 16, 2019 from http://www.psyedu.ru/files/articles/psyedu_ru_2012_2_2928.pdf
[42] Colliers’ Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 16, 2020 from http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/colier/t/ tolerantnost.html