An Investigation of How Basic Education Level Explains the Phenomena of Unemployment Differently in Urban and Rural Areas
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of basic education level on unemployment and poverty rate based on the classification of urban and rural areas. The data were taken from Wonosobo Regency as the poorest district in Central Java, Indonesia, with the percentage of poor population of 20.32%. Using descriptive quantitative and linear regressions with dummy variable, we analyzed the distinguished effect of basic education level towards unemployment and poverty rate between urban and rural areas. The results show that, generally, basic education level affected unemployment and poverty rate. The basic education level affected unemployment rate in both urban and rural areas. However, the basic education level in urban area did not have an effect as significant as that in rural area in affecting poverty rate. Urban people faced more competitive workforce market that made them need more than just the basic education. Therefore, even most of them had finished their primary and secondary school; it did not mean they are not going to be trapped in poverty. Meanwhile, the basic education of rural people affected the poverty rate as the more people did not finish their basic studies; the more people had no eligibility in doing proper jobs to achieve the wealth.
Keywords: basic education level, poverty, rural area, unemployment, urban area
References
[1] Amalia, F. (2012). Pengaruh Pendidikan, Pengangguran dan Inflasi Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) Periode 2001-2010. Jurnal Ilmiah Econosains, 10(2), 158-169. Jakarta: Universitas Negeri Jakarta.
[2] Arikunto, S. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
[3] Bappenas. (2010). Evaluasi Pelayanan Keluarga Berencana Bagi Masyarakat Miskin. Jakarta.
[4] Elfassy, T., Glymour, M. M., Kershaw, K. N., Carnethon, M., Llabre, M. M., Lewis, C. E.,... & Zeki Al Hazzouri,A. (2017). Association Between Sustained Poverty and Changes in Body Mass Index, 1990–2015: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. American journal of epidemiology, 187(6), 1240-1249.
[5] Irhamni. (2017). Pengaruh Jumlah Penduduk, Pengangguran, dan Pengeluaran Pemerintah Terhadap Kemiskinan di Indonesia Tahun 1986-2015. Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Ekonomi UNY.
[6] Kuncoro, M. (2006). Ekonomika Pembangunan, Teori, Masalah, dan Kebijakan Edisis Keempat. Yogyakarta: UPP STIM YKPN.
[7] (2009). Metode Riset untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi. Bagaimana Meneliti dan Menulis Tesis.
Jakarta: Erlangga.
[8] Mayo, A. (2000). The role of employee development in the growth of intellectual capital. Personnel Review, 29(4), 521-533.
[9] Munib, Achmad. (2010). Pengantar Ilmu Pendidikan. Semarang: UPT UNNES Press.
[10] Nagel, K. (2015). Relationships between unemployment and economic growth–the review (results) of the theoretical and empirical research. Journal of Economics & Management, 20, 64-79.
[11] Rumahorbo, Restuty Anggereny. 2014. Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Jumlah Penduduk Miskin Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Skripsi. Makassar: Universitas Hasanuddin.
[12] Statistik, B. P. (2017). Data dan Informasi Kemiskinan Kabupaten/Kota. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik Pusat.
[13] Sugiyono. (2004). Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Bandung: Alfabeta.
[14] (2015). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta.
[15] Sukirno, S. (2013). Makro Ekonomi Teori Pengantar, Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
[16] Suryawati, C. (2005). Memahami kemiskinan secara multidimensional. Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Kesehatan, 8(03). Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
[17] Todaro, Michael P dan Stephen C.S. (2006). Pembangunan Ekonomi di Dunia Ketiga Edisi Kesembilan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
[18] Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan. Jakarta: Diperbanyak oleh PT Armas Duta Jaya.
[19] Undang-Undang Republk Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 2000 Tentang Pembangunan Nasional. Jakarta: Diperbanyak oleh PT Armas Duta Jaya.
[20] Wahyudi, D., & Rejekingsih, T. W. (2013). Analisis Kemiskinan di Jawa Tengah. Diponegoro Journal of Economics, 2(1), 83-97. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
[21] World Bank. 2006. Era Baru dalam Pengentasan Kemiskinan di Indonesia. Diunduh pada 15 Januari2019. http://www.worldbank.org