Home-based Reproduction Health Promotion for Minimizing Adolescent Maternal Mortality in Indonesia
Abstract
Education about reproductive health is important for pregnant woman and also reproductive woman, including teenagers. During pregnancy, knowledge about reproductive health is important to safe the mother and the baby. For teenagers, reproductive health is important to prevent them from unwanted pregnancy. Unfortunately, health reproduction promotion among pregnant women and reproductive age (especially teenagers) is not sufficient. The lack of knowledge about reproductive health would risk woman and cause maternal mortality. This research used qualitative method. Through literature review and in-depth interview with 26 informants in Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia, this study examines the social marketing efforts on sexual education in Indonesia for children. Based on the previous efforts of sexuality education in Pekalongan, we argue that sexuality educations were still not enough to reduce maternal mortality because it only reached limited target, done by limited fund and limited skills of human resources at school. Therefore, promotion about health reproduction for woman has to be started from early childhood by their own parents because parents who have responsibility to give basic information about sexual matters. Even though bringing sexuality education have many challenges in Indonesia regarding its culture, but basically sexuality education activities are not contrary with some values of Indonesian people if it understood well, so that adults do not have to feel that the issue cannot be discussed with children. To improve children’s’ knowledge and life skill in maintaining their sexual activities properly, parents have increase their skill of communication.
Keywords: Maternal Mortality, Social Marketing, health reproduction, sexual education, pre-marital sex
References
[1] Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional, Badan Pusat Statistik, Kementrian Kesehatan, Measure DHS ICF International. (2013). Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2012. Jakarta.
[2] Bangkok, U. (2012). Review of policies and strategies to implement and scale up sexuality education in Asia and the Pacific.
[3] Burchell, K., Rettie, R., & Patel, K. (2013). Marketing social norms: social marketing and the “social norm approach.” Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 12(1), 1–9.
[4] Dailard, C. (2001). Sex education: politician parents teachers and teens. Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, 9–12.
[5] Data Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia. 2012.
[6] Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Tengah. 2015. Kebijakan Dan Strategi Dalam Akselerasi Penurunan AKI Dan AKB Di Jawa Tengah.
[7] Esther Uko, & Ayuk Awunghe Achu. (2013). The Ambiguity Surrounding Parent’s Role on Sex Education of Their Children: Nigeria Experience. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 18(5), 52–57.
[8] Fitzpatrick, T. 2005. New Theories of Welfare. London: Palgrave
[9] Health Ministry Republik Indonesia (2016). Mother and Child Health Book. Jakarta: Health Ministry Republik Indonesia and JICA
[10] Healy, K. (2014). Social work theories in context: Creating frameworks for practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
[11] Holzner, B. M., & Oetomo, D. (2004). Youth, sexuality and sex education messages in Indonesia: Issues of desire and control. Reproductive Health Matters, 12(23), 40–49.
[12] Hutchinson, E. (2003). Dimensions of Human Behavior. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
[13] Indiyati, D. (2016). Social Communication Strategy on Under-Age Marriage (Merariq Kodek) Prevention in Lombok. Presented at the ASEAN/Asian Academic Society International Conference Proceeding Series.
[14] Imelda, J.D., Machdum, S.V., Cholid, S., Annisah, Sutisna, C. (2015). Laporan Penelitian: Optimalisasi Sistem Bio-Ekological dalam Usaha Mengurangi Angka Kematian lbu: Participatory Action. Depok: Universitas Indonesia
[15] Imelda, J.D., Machdum, S.V., Cholid, S., Annisah, Sutisna, C. (2016). Proposal Penelitian: Optimalisasi Sistem Bio-Ekological dalam Usaha Mengurangi Angka Kematian lbu: Participatory Action. Depok: Universitas Indonesia
[16] John W. Santrock. (2003). Adolescence: Perkembangan Remaja (Keenam). Jakarta: Erlangga.
[17] Kebijakan dan Strategi Dalam Akselerasi Penurunan AKI dan AKB di Jawa Tengah. (2015). Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Tengah.
[18] Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2014). Departemen Kesehatan dalam Profil Kependudukan dan Pembangunan di Indonesia Tahun 2013. Jakarta.
[19] Machdum, S.V., Cholid, S., Annisah, Imelda, J.D. (2016). Promotif Approach for Awareness Using Health Coverage In Reducing Maternal Mortality Rates In Indonesia:
[20] Why Does It Matter? Presented at the Post-Reformasi Indonesia: The Challenges of Social inequalities and Inclusion.
[21] Moslehi, M., Forouzandeh, M., Safahani, N., & Ghazvini, S. A. (2015). Analysis of Social Marketing Effect on Addiction and its Prevention.
[22] Situmorang, A. (2003). Adolescent reproductive health in Indonesia. Jakarta: STARH Program.
[23] UNESCO. (2011). School Based Sexuality Education Programmes: A Cost and Cost Effectiveness Analysis in Six Countries. UNESCO.
[24] Viciawati, S. (2006). Pendidikan seksuallitas untuk anak melalui pemasaran sosial sebagai salah satu upaya pencegahan child sexual abuse: Penelitian tindakan terhadap sepuluh orang tua yang memiliki anak pada usia Taman Kanak-kanak sampai dengan kelas empat Sekolah Dasar.
[25] Vuttanont, U., Greenhalgh, T., Griffin, M., & Boynton, P. (2006). “Smart boys” and “sweet girls”-sex education needs in Thai teenagers: a mixed-method study. The Lancet, 368(9552), 2068–80.
[26] Whitaker, D. J., Miller, K. S., May, D. C., & Levin, M. L. (1999). Teenage partners’ communication about sexual risk and condom use: The importance of parentteenager discussions. Family Planning Perspectives, 31(3), 117–21.