Local Wisdom and Construction of Inclusion Community: Learning from Disability People Named Kolok in Bali

Abstract

People with disabilities are part of a community that have same right and live together with others. Inclusion condition is influenced by several factors, especially: community participation, interpersonal relationships and social capital that can provide reciprocity to the community living, especially those on disability. There are 43 people with disabilities live in the Bengkala Village called as the ”Kolok” people. They live inclusively with others, most of Bengkala people understand and use kolok people language to communicate with kolok. Although, the language of the kolok people is simple, but easily to be understood by the Bengkala inhabitant. This paper focuses on identifying the role of stakeholders in creating an inclusive life in Bengkala Village. In the other hand, will also be analyzed more deeply about the local wisdom that sustains life on the kolok people inclusively based on the existing social capital in Bengkala village, Buleleng, Bali, Indonesia.


 


 


Keywords: social inclusion, social capital, local wisdom, kolok, stakeholder’s role

References
[1] Agiovlasitis, Stamatis. ”Arguing About Disability: Philosophical Perspectives by Kristiansen Kristjana, Vehmas Simo, & Tom Shakespeare, Eds. Published 2010 By Routledge


[2] Allman, D. (2013). The Sociology of Social Inclusion. SAGE Open, 3(1). Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244012471957


[3] Braithwaite, V. (2004). The Hope Process and Social Inclusion. The Annals of The American Academy Of Political And Social Science, 592(1), 128-151. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0002716203262096.


[4] Coleman, J. S. 1988. ‘Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital’. American Journal of Sociology, 94: S95–S120.


[5] DeFilippis, J. 2001. The Myth of Social Capital In Community Development. Housing Policy Debate, 12(4), 781-806. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511482. 2001.9521429.


[6] Halpern, David. 2005. Social capital. Cambridge: Polity Press.


[7] Hawkins, R. & Maurer, K. 2009. Bonding, Bridging and Linking: How Social Capital Operated in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. British Journal of Social Work, 40(6), 1777-1793. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcp087.


[8] Heinz, A. et al. ”Inclusion As The Goal Of Psychiatric Care – Impact Of The UN Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities”. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health 1.3 (2015): 300-305. Web.


[9] Hutchinson, Anthony. Lee, Bill. 2004. Exploring Social Inclusion In Practice: Perspectives From The Field. Canadian Social Work Review / Revue canadienne de service social, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2004), pp. 119-136.


[10] Ife, J., and Tesoriero, F. 2008. Alternatif Pengembangan Masyarakat: Community Development. Translator: Sastrawan Manullang, et al. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.


[11] Lin, N. 2007. A Network Theory of Social Capital, in Castiglione, Dario and Deth, Jan w. Van. The hand book social capital. Oxford Publication: 50-69.


[12] Neuman, W. L. 2014. Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches 7th Edition. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited.


[13] Patulny, R., Siminski, P., & Mendolia, S. 2014. The front line of social capital creation – A natural experiment in symbolic interaction. Social Science & Medicine, 125, 8-18. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.026.


[14] Putnam, R. 1995. Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital. Journal Of Democracy, 6(1), 65-78. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002.


[15] Shakespeare, T. (2008). Debating disability. Journal Of Medical Ethics, 34(1), 11-14. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2006.019992


[16] Simplican, Stacy Clifford et al. ”Defining Social Inclusion Of People With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities: An Ecological Model Of Social Networks And Community Participation”. Research in Developmental Disabilities 38 (2015): 18-29.


[17] Sternberg, R. & Spear-Swerling, L. (1999). Perspectives on learning disabilities. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.(P. 278)


[18] Sternberg, R. & Grigorenko, E. (2001). Learning Disabilities, Schooling, and Society. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(4), 335-338. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 003172170108300415


[19] Teague, P, & R. Wilson (1995). ”Towards an Inclusive Society.” In Democratic Dialogue Report No. 2, Social Exclusion: Social Inclusion. Belfast: Democratic Dialogue.


[20] United Nations. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Dis-abilities; 2006 [last access: 06.05.2015]. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-ofpersons with-disabilities.html


[21] Woolcock, M. & Narayan, D. 2000. Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 225-249. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ wbro/15.2.225.


[22] Woolcock. M. 2001. The Place of Social Capital in Understanding Social and Economic Outcomes. Development Research Group, The World Bank, and Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Retrieved from: www.oecd.org/innovation/ research/1824913.pdf.