Building an Agile, Competitive and Dynamic Entrepreneurial Ecosystem to Create a Startup Culture, Startup Nation, and a Startup Region: Case of Egypt and the MENA Region
Abstract
In today’s economic, business and social spaces, communities and societies around the world constantly face a set of challenges related to growing unemployment, economic development, changing market dynamics and tough business conditions amongst others. However, these societies and spaces are also regularly presented with a variety and spectrum of opportunities, given the continuous development of new markets, the growing role of cutting-edge technology platforms, especially with the growing penetration and impact of the fourth industrial revolution, the evolution of the digital economy and the global widespread of entrepreneurial initiatives and activities around the world in both the developed world and in emerging economies.
References
[1] Kamel, S. (2015a). ICT4D – Case of the information society in Africa, in Mehdi Khosrowpour (ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology (3rd edition, pp. 3972–3980). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
[2] Schroeder, C. (2017). A different story from the Middle East: Entrepreneurs building an Arab tech economy, MIT Technology Review, 3 August.
[3] Ducker, M. (2015). Egypt entrepreneurship: Where are all Egyptian entrepreneurs (Final Report). United States Agency for International Development.
[4] Kamel, S. and Schroeder, C. (2016). Economic recovery and revitalization, Research Study, Working group report of the Middle East strategy task force. Washington DC: The Atlantic Council.
[5] Schroeder, C. (2013). Startup rising - The entrepreneurial revolution remaking the Middle East. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
[6] Kamel, S. (2016). Startup, Global Focus, The European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD) Business Magazine, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 52–55.
[7] El-Dahshan, M., Tolba, A., and Badreldin, T. (2011). Enabling entrepreneurship in Egypt: Toward a sustainable dynamic model. Innovations, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 83–106.
[8] United States Census Bureau. (2018). Digital in Egypt – A snapshot of the country’s digital statistical indicators. U.S. Census Bureau.
[9] Nazeer, T. (2017). MENA’s entrepreneurial ecosystem has the potential to flourish, Forbes Middle East, 13 August.
[10] Business Sweden. (2015). Egypt entrepreneurship study, Research study, The Swedish Trade and Invest Council.
[11] Kamel, S. (2015b). Time for an entrepreneurial uprising in Egypt, The Arab Weekly, 8 May, pp. 18.
[12] Wamda. (2017). www.wamda.com (accessed on 8 August 2017).
[13] Kamel, S. (2011). Managing after the Arab spring, Global Focus, The European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD) Business Magazine, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 56–59
[14] Kamel, S. and Ismail, A. (2013). EIP@AUC: A case study of a university-centred entrepreneurship eco-system in Egypt. Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (ICIE), Amman, Jordan, 4–5 March.