Citizenship in Everyday Life: Exclusion of the Chinese Indonesians By Non-Chinese Indonesians in Bandar Lampung - Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2353Abstract
By law, since the fall of Soeharto Chinese Indonesians have been recognized as citizens of Indonesia and not been excluded from formal politics. However, in their everyday lifes they still face exclusion. They are still the targets of ridicule, gossip and rumors, as well discussion and body language that indicates displeasure and suspicion. As such, although Chinese Indonesians are recognized as citizens of Indonesia, they are not apprehended. Exclusion is rarely considered, because it occurs discursively in everyday life. Everyday exclusion is often unobservable, as citizenship theory has never discursively analyzed it even though, everyday exclusion impacts participation and representation. Exclusion is always followed by resistance. As such, every day and discursive resistance are very important to analyze.
Keywords: Apprehension, Citizenship, Discourse, Exclusion, Resistance
References
Tong CK. Between a rock and a hard place: The Chinese Indonesians. In: Identity and ethnic relations in Southeast Asia. Springer Science & Business Media, Netherlands; 2010. pp. 111–145. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007% 2F978-90-481-8909-0_5
Aliyah DY. Analisis wacana kritis. [Critical discourse analysis]. Yrama Widya, Bandung: 1999. p. 240. [in Bahasa Indonesia]https://www.tokopedia.com/namariboto/analisis-wacana-kritis-prof-dr-hj-yoce aliyah-darma-mpd
Marshall TH. Citizenship and social class. In: Citizenship: Critical concepts. Turner BS, Hamilton P (Ed). Routledge, London; 1994. pp. 5–44. https://books.google. co.id/books?id=hX-mbqrZeHsC&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false
Beiner R. Theorizing citizenship. State University of New York Press, Albany, New York; 1995. p. 335. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oDMkAQAAIAAJ&q= Theorizing+citizenship&dq=Theorizing+citizenship&hl=en&sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwjh5v2IrMrVAhVDW7wKHS6iD1oQ6AEIJzAA
Stokke K. Conceptualizing the politics of citizenship. University of Oslo, Norway; 2014. pp. 1–46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260599279_ Conceptualizing_the_Politics_of_Citizenship
Suryadinata L. Etnis Tionghoa dan pembangunan bangsa. [Chinese ethnic and nation development]. LP3ES, Jakarta; 1999. p. 264. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/index.php/buku/detail/etnis-tionghoadan pembangunan-bangsa-leo-suryadinata-penerjemah-sori-siregar-10543.html
Suryadinata L. Kebijakan negara Indonesia terhadap etnis Tionghoa: Dari asimilasi ke multikulturalisme? [Indonesian state policy against Chinese ethnic: from assimilation to multiculturalism]. Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia 2003;XXVII(71):1–12. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. http://journal.ui.ac.id/index.php/jai/article/view/ 3464/2744
Suryadinata L. Pemikiran politik etnis Tionghoa Indonesia 1999–2002. [Chinese Indonesian ethnic political thought in 1999–2002]. LP3ES, Jakarta; 2005. p. 421. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. https://www.bukalapak.com/p/hobikoleksi/buku/politik/syrtd-jual-pemikiran-politik-etnis tionghoa-indonesia-1900- 2002-oleh-leo-suryadinata
Suryadinata L, Arifin EN, Ananta A. Penduduk Indonesia, etnis dan agama dalam era perubahan politik. [Indonesian population, ethnicity and religion in the era of political change]. LP3ES, Jakarta; 2003. p. 200. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Penduduk_Indonesia.html?id= 3RWAAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
Coppel CA. Kendala-kendala sejarah dalam penerimaan etnis Cina di Indonesia yang multikultural. [Constraints in the acceptance history of Chinese ethnic in Indonesia that multicultural]. Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia 2003;XXVII(71):13–22. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. http://journal.ui.ac.id/index.php/jai/article/view/3465/2745
Aguilar FV. Citizenship, inheritance and the indigenizing of ”Orang Chinese” in Indonesia. Position East Asia Cultures Critique 2001;9(3):501–533.
Heryanto A. Citizenship and Indonesian Chinese Indonesians in post-1998 film. In: Popular culture in Indonesia, fluid identities in post-authoritarian politics. Heryanto, A (Ed.). Routledge, New York; 2008. p. 70–92. http: //www.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Perpus% 20Cero/Libertarian%20Study/Modern%20Essay/Ariel%20Heryanto%20(Ed.)% 20-%20Popular%20Culture%20in%20Indonesia%20Fluid%20Identities%20in% 20Post-authoritarian%20Politi.pdf.https://muse.jhu.edu/article/27988
Putri VR. Denizenship, kontestasi dan hibridasi ideologi di Indonesia. [Denizenship, contestation and ideological hybridization in Indonesia]. PolGov JPP, FISIPOL UGM, Yogyakarta; 2012. p. 209. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. https://books.google.co.id/ books/about/Denizenship.html?id=2DzGjwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Syaiful NH. Merebut kewargaan inklusif. [Seize inclusive citizenship]. PolGov JPP FISIPOL UGM, Yogyakarta; 2013. p. 145. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. https://penerbitpolgov.wordpress.com/2013/09/09/ 2012-merebut-kewarganegaraan-inklusif/
Juru IJ. Dislokasi wacana kewargaan, melampaui liberalisme menuju wacana agonistik. [Dislocation discourses of citizenship, beyond the discourse of liberalism towards agonistic]. PolGov JPP FISIPOL UGM, Yogyakarta; 2013. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. http://opac.lib.ugm.ac.id/index.php?mod=penelitian_ detail&sub=PenelitianDetail&act=view&typ=html&buku_id=240273&obyek_id= 4
Annisa AS. Warga negara dan penjara. [Citizens and prison]. PolGov JPP FISIPOL UGM, Yogyakarta; 2014. p. 133. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. https://polgov.fisipol. ugm.ac.id/buku/warga-negara-dan-penjara
Mahfud C. Manifesto politik Tionghoa di Indonesia. [Chinese political manifesto in Indonesia]. Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta; 2013. p. 518. [in Bahasa Indonesia]. http: //pustakapelajar.co.id/buku/manifesto-politik-tionghoa-di-indonesia/
Giblin SM. Being Chinese and Indonesian: Chinese organisations in post-Suharto Indonesia. [Thesis] Department of East Asia Studies, University of Leeds; 2003. p. 233. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/653/
Kymlicka W. Kewargaan multikultural. [Multicultural citizenship]. LP3ES, Jakarta; 2002. p. 324. http://senayan.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/akasia/index.php?p= show_detail&id=10311&keywords=
Butler J. Frame of war, when is life grievabel? Verso, London; 2009. p. 194. https: //www.amazon.com/Frames-War-When-Life-Grievable/dp/1844673332
Butler J. Precarious life: the powers of mourning and violence. Verso, London; 2004. p. 168. http://www.wkv-stuttgart.de/uploads/media/ butler-judith-precarious-life.pdf
Scott, J. Everyday forms of resistance. Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 1989;4(1989):33–62. https://rauli.cbs.dk/index.php/cjas/article/view/ 1765/1785
de Certeau M. The practice of everyday life. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles; 1984. p. 232. https://chisineu.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/ certeau-michel-de-the-practice-of-everyday-life.pdf
