Psychosocial Effect of Gentrification in Indonesia
Abstract
Based on Allianz Wealth Reports 2015, Indonesia is the country with the highest level of the social gap in Asia. It is predictable that one contributing factor is the gentrification that recently occurs rapidly in major cities in Indonesia. Besides increasing the level of economic impact for the local community, some studies have also found that gentrification effect on psychosocial condition of the society. This paper is a study of literature that examines the psychosocial effect of gentrification on Indonesian society. The findings of this study are that gentrification contributes to the emergence of various psychosocial problems, such as low psychological well-being, the changing of the pattern and orientation of social relations, the rising of crime rate, as well as a widening of social gap that can lead to social conflict.
Keywords: Gentrification, Psychological effect, Psychological problems, Psychological welfare, Social relation
References
[1] Aka Jr. EO. Gentrification and socioeconomic impacts of neighborhood integration and diversification in Atlanta, Georgia. National Social Science Journal 2010;35(1):1– 13. http://nssa.us/journals/2010-35-1/2010-35-1-01.htm
[2] Vandergrift J. Gentrification and displacement: urban altruism. Calvin College, Grand Rapids; 2006. p.1–10. http://studylib.net/doc/8253518/ gentrification-and-displacement.
[3] Cheshire L, Fitzgerald R, Clarke A, Raymond S. Neighbourly problems in neighbourhood context: understanding how neighborhoods influence the prevalence of neighbourly problems and complaints. Paper presented in: RC21 Conference. August 29–31, 2013. Berlin, Germany. http://www.rc21.org/conferences/berlin2013/ RC21-Berlin-Papers-4/1-3-Cheshire-et-al.pdf
[4] Selvia. Social inequality Indonesia highest in Asia. Soksi News [Online] from http: //www.soksinews.com. (2015) [Accessed on 2 Oct 2016
[5] Coser LA. Social conflict and the theory of social change. The British Journal of Sociology 1957;8(3):197–207. https://www.jstor.org/stable/586859
[6] Cohen S, Gottlieb B, Underwood L. Social relationships and health. In: Cohen S, Underwood L, Gottlieb B (Eds). Measuring and intervening in social support. Oxford University Press, New York; 2000. p.03–25. http://www.psy.cmu.edu/$\ sim$scohen/Cohen_2001_Advances_MB_Med.pdf.
[7] Helliwell JF, Putnam RD. The social context of well-being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2004;359:1435–1446. http://econ.arts.ubc.ca/ jhelliwell/papers/Helliwell-Putnam-PTRSL2004.pdf
[8] Atkinson R. Measuring gentrification and displacement in Greater London. Urban Studies 2000;37(1):149–165. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10. 1080/0042098002339
[9] Parrillo VN. Contemporary social problem: housing and urbanization. Allyn & Bacon, Boston; 2005. p.91–118. https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/ samplechapter/0/2/0/5/0205420761.pdf
[10] Redfern PA. What makes gentrification ’gentrification’? Urban Studies 2003;40(12):2351–2366. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 0042098032000136101
[11] The Collins English Dictionary. Gentrification. [Online] from http://www. collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gentrification (2016) [Accessed on 2 Oct 2016] https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ gentrification
[12] Meltzer R, Ghorbani P. Does gentrification increase employment opportunities in low-income neighborhoods? Paper presented in: the 37th Annual Fall Conference of the Association for Public Policy and Management, Association for Public Policy and Management. April 2, 2015. Miami, Florida. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166046217302193
[13] Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle class remaking of inner London, 1961- 2001. Urban Studies 2003;40(12):2401–2426. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ abs/10.1080/0042098032000136138
[14] Freeman L. Still separate and unequal: the state of fair housing in America. Paper presented in: the National Commission on Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, Morehouse College. October 17, 2008. Atlanta, Georgia. http://www.prrac.org/ projects/fair_housing_commission/chicago/chicago_briefing.pdf.
[15] The Urban Geography Dictionary. Gentrification [Online] http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Urban+ gentrification. (2016) [Accessed on 2 October 2016]
[16] Lees L, Slater T, Wyly E. Gentrification. Outledge Laylor & Frands Group, New York; 2008. p.4. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl= id&lr=&id=cQqOAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=16.{%}09Lees+L,+Slater+T, +Wyly+E.+Gentrification.+Outledge+Laylor+{%}26+Frands+Group&ots= NraRVLdoIq&sig=ivOHRPZEpYDouY66RChwui1AWOU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f= false.
[17] Combs, B.H (2010) The Ties that Bind: The Role of Place Racial Identity Formation, Social Cohesion, Accord, and Discord in Two Historic, Black Gentrifying Atlanta Neighborhoods. Sociology Dissertations, Department of Sociology, Georgia State University. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer= https://www.google.co.id/&httpsredir=1&article=1049&context=sociology_ diss.
[18] Smith N. Gentrification and uneven development. Journal of Economic Geography 1982;58(2):139–155. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2307/143793.
[19] Atkinson R, Bridge G. Gentrification in global context: the new urban of colonialism. Routledge, Abingdon; 2005. p.1. https://www.amazon.com/ Gentrification-Global-Context-Housing-Society/dp/0415329515
[20] Group Writers of Causa Justa Just Cause. Development without displacement. Resisting gentrification in the bay area. Just cause with health impact research and data and policy analysis. Alameda County Public Health Department; 2014. p.11http://www.acphd.org/media/343952/cjjc2014.pdf.
[21] Massey DS (1990). American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass. The American Journal of Sociology, 96 (2), 329-357. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/229532.
[22] Lichter DT, Parisi D, Taquino MC. The geography of exclusion: Race, segregation and concentrated poverty. Social Problems 2012;59(3):364–388. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54c9087fe4b0b5cc4d84974d/t/ 5771fed15016e1420b1e2e46/1467088595786/Social+Problems+2012.pdf.
[23] Hwang J, Sampson RJ. Divergent pathways of gentrification: racial inequality and the social order of renewal in Chicago neighborhoods. American Sociological Review 2014;79(4):726–751. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10. 1177/0003122414535774.
[24] Petrovic A. The elderly facing gentrification: neglect, invisibility, entrapment and loss. The Elder Law Journal 2008;15(2):534–579. https://theelderlawjournal. com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Petrovic.pdf.
[25] Nyden P, Edlynn E, Davis J. The differential impact of gentrification on communities in Chicago. Centre for Urban Research and Learning, Loyola University, Chicago; 2006. p.6 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d616/ 73c2a4eea295a9f0b6579f4706ea74e93df6.pdf.
[26] Kohn M. What is wrong with gentrification? Urban Research and Practice 2013;6(3):297–310. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17535069. 2013.846006?src=recsys&journalCode=rurp20.
[27] Walks A, Maaranen R. Neighbourhood gentrification and upgrading in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Centre for Urban and Community Studies University of Toronto, Canada; 2008. p.43. http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/ publications/RP211Walk-Maaranen-Gentrification1960-2001.pdf.
[28] Murdie R, Teixeira C. The impact of gentrification on ethnic neighbourhoods in Toronto: A case study of little Portugal. Urban Studies 2011;48(1):61–83. http: //journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098009360227.
[29] Atkinson, R. Does gentrification help or harm urban neighbourhoods? An assessment of the evidence-base in the context of the new urban agenda. ESRC Centre for Neighbourhood Research, A Member of ESRC’s Network for Evidedence-Based Policy and Practice. CNR Paper No.5; 2002. p.2 http://neighbourhoodchange.ca/ wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Atkinson-2002-Gentrification-Review.pdf.
[30] Covington J, Taylor RB. Gentrification and crime: Robbery and larceny changes in appreciating Baltimore neighborhoods during the 1970s. Urban Affairs Quarterly 1989;25:142–72. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/ 004208168902500109.
[31] Davidson M. Love they neighbour? social mixing in London’s gentrification frontiers. Environment and Planning 2010;42(3):524–544. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.476.2494&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[32] Oliver JE. The effects of metropolitan economic segregation on local civic participation. American Journal of Political Science 1999;43:186–212. https://www. jstor.org/stable/i350118.
[33] Calhoun-Brown A. African American churches and political mobilization: the psychological impact of organizational resources. The Journal of Politics 1996;58(4):935–953. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/ 2960144.
[34] Haraka, M. Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community, by Robert D.Putnam. Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiri and Practice, 6 (2), 266- 268. https://www.amazon.com/Bowling-Alone-Collapse-American-Community/ dp/B01N94FW0P