Countering Terrorist Narratives: Winning the Hearts and Minds of Indonesian Millennials

Abstract

Youth radicalization is a global phenomenon and many countries have fallen victim to deadly terrorist attacks, including Indonesia. With the advancement of technology, society has changed. The millenial generation has become susceptible to terrorist propaganda. In this digital age, social media has become a powerful tool for spreading terrorist narratives. They target the millennial generation who depends on online social networks for self-expression and to develop a sense of belonging. It is assumed that online interactions have contributed to the radicalization process. Some of them eventually join terrorist networks or become suicide bombers. This paper critically assesses how terrorists use the media to develop narratives that win the hearts and minds of Indonesian millennials. It will do so by juxtaposing the terrorist narratives with the counter-narrative initiatives undertaken by the government, NGOs and universities.


 


Keywords: Counter Narratives, Indonesian Millennials, Lone Wolf Terrorism, Terrorism and Social Media Youth and Terrorism

References
[1] Stewart S, Burton F. The lone wolf disconnect [Online] from http://www.stratfor. com/weekly/lone_wolf_disconnect. [Accessed 30 Jan 2008]


[2] Ismail NH. Teroris Amatir dan Melek Digital [Online] from http://indonesiana.tempo.co/read/88132/2016/09/05/noorhuda2911/terorisamatir-dan melek-digital-noor-huda-ismail. [Accessed 6 Nov 2016,in Bahasa Indonesia]


[3] Ramakrishna K. Understanding youth radicalization in the age of ISIS: A psychosocial analysis [Online] from http://www.e-ir.info/2016/02/11/understanding-youthradicalization in-the-age-of-isis-a-psychosocial-analysis/. [Accessed 6 Nov 2016]


[4] Australia Government CVE. Using social media to communicate againts violent extremism [Online] from https://www.ag.gov.au/ NationalSecurity/Counteringviolentextremism/CVE-Summit/Documents/ Workshop-1 Working-with-social-media-We-Are-Social.PDF. [Accessed 12 Dec 2016]


[5] Samuel, Thomas K. The lure of youth into terrorism. SEARCCT’s Selection of Articles 2011;2:109–113. https://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our-publications? id=55


[6] Arianti, V, Singh J. ISIS Southeast Asia unit: Raising the security threat, RSIS Commentary CO 15220 [Online] from https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/ uploads/2015/10/CO15220.pdf. [Accessed 15 Dec 2016]


[7] Joshua, A, Krisch. The psychology of a terrorist: How ISIS wins hearts and minds [Online] from http://www.vocativ.com/251306/psychology-terrorist/. [Accessed 3 Nov 2016]


[8] Samuel, Thomas K. Reaching the youth: Countering the terrorist narrative. Malaysia: SEARCCT 2012; 69–75. http://www.searcct.gov.my/announcement/267- monograph-reaching-the-youth-countering-the-terrorist-narrative-by-thomaskoruth samuel


[9] Moghaddam, F. The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration. American Psychologist 2005; 60(2):161–169. http://fathalimoghaddam.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/10/1256627851.pdf


[10] Jeffrey, R, Halverson HL, Goodall Jr, et al. Master narratives of Islamist extremism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2011. http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/ 9780230108967


[11] Schmid, AP. Al Qaeda’s “single narratives” and attempts to develop counternarratives: The state of knowledge [Online] from https://www.icct.nl/download/ file/A-Schmid-Al-Qaedas-Single-Narrative-January-2014.pdfICCT Research Paper. [Accessed 20 Dec 2017]


[12] Zeiger, S. Undermining violent extremist narratives in South East Asia [Online] from http://www.hedayahcenter.org/Admin/Content/File-3182016115528.pdf Hedayah, Abu Dhabi. [Accessed 21 Dec 2017]


[13] Borum, Randy. Radicalization into violent extremism II: A review of conceptual models and empirical research. Journal of Strategic Security 2011; 4(4):37–62. http: //dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.2.


[14] Weimann, Gabriel. New terriorism and new media. Washington DC: Commons Lab of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; 2014;2:1–15. https://www. wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_terrorism_v3_1.pdf


[15] Bergen, Peter. Jihad 2.0: Social media in the next evolution of terrorist recruitment. Testimony for the U.S Senate Committee The 1st ICSEAS 2016 on Homeland Security and Government Affairs; 2015. https:// www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad= rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjjq9KxsezVAhXJHZQKHT6uA9IQFgglMAA&url= https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsgac.senate.gov%2Fdownload%2F%3Fid% 3Db8d3c492-dc32-45d9-9306-c1d0b75cbcee&usg=AFQjCNEogjdlRdXSb_ vdemex5Th4uTDhJQ


[16] Epstein, Molly and Hershatter, Andrea. Millenials and the world of work: An organizational and management perspective [Online] from http: //digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1099&context= comssp. [Accessed 23 Dec 2016]


[17] Al Malahem Media. Inspire [Online] from https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/ 2010/06/aqap-inspire-magazine-volume-1-uncorrupted.pdf. [Accessed 23 Dec 2016]


[18] Ismail, NH. When jihadists posts selfies the government struggles to respond [Online] from http://theconversation.com/ when-jihadists-post-selfies-the-government-struggles-to-respond-39781. [Accessed 25 Nov 2016]


[19] Roussinos, A. Jihad selfies: These British extremists in Syria love social media [Online] from https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gq8g5b/ syrian-jihadist-selfies-tell-us-a-lot-about-their-war. [Accessed 25 Nov 2016]


[20] Interview with Akbar, by author. Youth, Social Media and Terrorism. Jakarta 23 Sept 2016.


[21] Vasilenko. The concept and typology of terrorism. Statutes Decis 2004;40:46–56. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10610014.2004.11059722


[22] Aninda, Chaula, R. Lone wolf terrorism: Does it exist in Indonesia? RSIS Commentary No. 277 [Online] from https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ CO16277.pdf. [Accessed 9 Nov 2016]


[23] Hariyadi, Mathias. Jakarta shut down 22 pro-Islamic state websites [Online] from http://www.asianews.it/news-en/ Jakarta-shuts-down-22-pro-Islamic-State-websites-33866.html. [Accessed 2 Nov 2016]


[24] Afrida, Nani. Indonesia block more radical websites [Online] from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/30/ indonesia-blocks-more-radical-websites.html. [Accessed 13 Nov 2016]


[25] Yayasan Penanggulangan Krisis Internasional. Countering Violent Extremism in Indonesia: Need for a Re-think. Report No. 11, Institute Policy Analysis and Conflict (IPAC); 2014. http://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2014/06/IPAC_11_ Rethinking_Countering_Extremism.pdf


[26] Alius, Suharli. Duta damai dunia maya harus diperbanyak kata ketua BNPT [Online] from http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2016/11/22/ duta-damai-dunia-maya-harus-diperbanyak-kata-ketua-bnpt?page=2. [Accessed 5 Dec 2016]


[27] CISForm. Si Gun pingin jihad [Online] from http://uin-suka.ac.id/id/web/ liputan/detail/66/si-gun-pingin-jihad. [Accesed 26 Nov 2016]


[28] Sugara, R. Komik: Jihad Ustad! [Online] from http://sinarharapan.net/2016/05/ komik-jihad-ustad/. [Accessed 26 Des 2016]


[29] SEARCCT. Regional Workshop on Countering Daesh Narratives 29 November–1 December 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. https://www.searcct.gov.my/images/ PDF_My/event_highlight/2016/Regional_Workshop_Nov_16.pdf