The Development of a Village Bureaucratic Reform Model Based on Mutual Cooperation: A Study on the Development of Underdeveloped Villages in East Nusa Tenggara
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v10i16.19202Keywords:
bureaucratic reform, collaboration, gotong royong (mutual cooperation), underdeveloped villagesAbstract
Bureaucratic reform is needed not only at the national level but also at the village level. Since 2014, Indonesia’s development focus has been directed towards villages, yet the performance of village-level bureaucracy is still considered weakMany villages have not been able to optimize their local potential due to a lack of collaboration and integration of communal values, such as gotong royong (mutual cooperation), within the village bureaucratic system. This study aims to formulate a model for measuring village-level bureaucratic reform based on gotong royong in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) and Lebak Regency, Banten. The research emphasizes the importance of community participation in village bureaucratic collaboration, particularly in the Komodo District, West Manggarai Regency, which faces challenges in human resource empowerment and technological limitations. Despite having tourism potential, the villages in this area have not fully benefited from bureaucratic reform and village autonomy. In Lebak Regency, as of 2023, there were 78 underdeveloped villages where efforts toward bureaucratic reform was hindered by limited capacity of village officials and the low utilization of information technology. Moreover, some villages struggle with effectively managing village funds. This study employs a qualitative approach, enabling an in-depth exploration and development of a village-level bureaucratic reform model, particularly in villages classified as underdeveloped according to the Village Development Index. The findings suggest the implementation of a more collaborative bureaucratic reform, grounded in local wisdom, such as gotong royong in NTT and Lebak, to enhance village development effectiveness. Community empowerment and the integration of local wisdom into village governance are key factors in overcoming these challenges, aiming to improve village bureaucratic performance and maximize local potential.
References
[1] Indonesian Government. Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages.
[2] Ama JT. Tinjauan Yuridis Pemekaran Wilayah Daerah Provinsi Berkaitan Dengan Wacana Pemekaran Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI). 2025;2(5):1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14620231
[3] Badan Pusat Statistik. Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia. 2019 [cited 2025 May 21]. Jumlah Desa Tertinggal menurut Provinsi (Desa), 2019-2021. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MjE5MSMy/jumlah-desa-tertinggalmenurut- provinsi.html
[4] Ombudsman. Ombudsman Republik Indonesia. 2020 [cited 2025 May 21]. Ombudsman NTT: Jangan Bangga Jadi Bupati Daerah Tertinggal. Available from: https://ombudsman.go.id/perwakilan/news/r/pwk--ombudsman-ntt-janganbangga- jadi-bupati-daerah-tertinggal
[5] Kementerian Desa PDT dan T. Peringkat Nilai Rata-Rata Indeks Desa Membangun Tahun 2022 [Internet]. Jakarta; 2022 [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https: //www.scribd.com/document/606077247/eBook-Peringkat-IDM-2022
[6] Kementerian Desa PDT dan T. Peringkat Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) Tahun 2023 [Internet]. Jakarta; 2023 [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://www.scribd.com/document/679766585/E-book-Peringkat-Idm-2023
[7] Yustiawa AE. Optimalisasi Pengelolaan Pertanian Berbasis Ekonomi Hijau Guna Penguatan Ketahanan Pangan Nasional [Internet]. Jakarta; 2024 [cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: http://lib.lemhannas.go.id/public/media/catalog/0010- 092400000000028/swf/7802/14%20-%20Anggit%20Exton%20Y.pdf
[8] Lewokeda A. Antara NTT. 2023 [cited 2025 May 21]. BPS catat penduduk miskin di NTT meningkat 9.500 orang. Available from: https://kupang.antaranews.com/berita/115719/bps-catat-penduduk-miskin-di-nttmeningkat- 9500-orang
[9] Yuda FD, Ramadhani E, Nurlela. Faktor Penyebab Stunting di Puskesmas Pembantu Rumah Tumbuh Kabupaten Muara Enim. Journal on Education. 2024;6(2):14341–51. DOI: 10.31004/joe.v6i2.5288
[10] Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Rencana Strategis Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2019-2023. Kupang; 2019.
[11] Angeli IR, Holifah N. Pengembangan Kapasitas Pelayanan Kesehatan (Studi Kasus Di Puskesmas Tilir Manggarai Timur NTT). Jurnal Inovasi Sektor Publik. 2021;1(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.38156/jisp.v1i3.95
[12] Saputra PP, Fatah A, Pratama S. Kemampuan Bahasa Asing Pengelola Pariwisata dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Ketahanan Ekonomi di Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional. 2025;31(1):1–18. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.22146/jkn.86859
[13] Abba A. VoxNTT. 2023 [cited 2025 May 21]. Potensi Kelautan dan Perikanan NTT Belum Dikelola Maksimal. Available from: https://voxntt.com/2023/09/30/potensikelautan- dan-perikanan-ntt-belum-dikelola-maksimal/93752/
[14] Salukh K. Victory News. 2022 [cited 2025 May 21]. Gubernur Sebut NTT Kaya Sumber Daya Alam tetapi Miskin SDM. Available from: https://www.victorynews.id/kupang/ pr-3313140241/gubernur-sebut-ntt-kaya-sumber-daya-alam-tetapi-miskin-sdm
[15] Septiyanto D. Reformasi Birokrasi di Kalurahan Panggungharjo. [Yogyakarta]: Sekolah Tinggi Pembangunan Masyarakat Desa; 2022.
[16] Harmadi SHB, Suchaini U, Adji A. Indikator Pembangunan Desa di Indonesia: Ditinjau dari Ketidaksesuaian Indikator Pengukuran Pembangunan Desa [Internet]. Jakarta; 2020 [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://sonnyharmadi.com/wpcontent/ uploads/2020/07/WP51IndFA2606.pdf
[17] Setiawan I. Rekonstruksi Birokrasi Pemerintah Daerah. Jatinangor: Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri; 2014.
[18] Ripley RB, Franklin GA. Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation. 2nd ed. Chicago: Dorsey Press; 1982.
[19] Etzioni-Halevy E. Bureaucracy and Democracy: A Double Dilemma. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1985.
[20] Merton RK. Social Theory and Social Structure. Enlarged. New York: The Free Press; 1968.
[21] Michels R. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: Free Press; 1949.
[22] Maulana A, Indriati F, Hidayah K. Analysis of Bureaucratic Reform Through Delayering of Government Institutions in Indonesia. Jurnal Borneo Administrator. 2022;18(2):155–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v18i2.1003
[23] Effensi S. Reformasi Tata Kepemerintahan: Menyiapkan Aparatur Negara untuk Mendukung Demokratisasi Politik dan Ekonomi Terbuka. 2nd ed. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press; 2012.
[24] Caiden GE. Administrative Reform. Chicago: Ellen Lane-The Penguin Press; 1969.
[25] Solekhan M. Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Desa. 1st ed. Malang: Setara Press; 2012.
[26] Widjaja H. Otonomi Desa Merupakan Otonomi Yang Asli, Bulat dan Unik. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada; 2003.
[27] Suaib. Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Indramayu: Penerbit Adab; 2023.
[28] Eko S. Daerah Budiman: Prakarsa dan Inovasi Lokal Membangun Kesejahteraan. Yogyakarta; 2008.
[29] Putri LS. Kewenangan Desa dan Penetapan Peraturan Desa (Village Authority and The Issuance of Village Regulation). Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia. 2016;13(2):161–76.
[30] Alwasilah AC. Pokoknya Kualitatif: Dasar-Dasar Merancang dan Melakukan Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya; 2002.
[31] Wahyuni I. Buku Ajar Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Jember: Universitas Islam Negeri KH Achmad Siddiq; 2019.
[32] Trochim WM, Donnelly J. P. The Research Methods Knowledge Base. 3rd ed. Cincinnati: Atomic Dog; 2006.
[33] Miles MB, Huberman AM. Qualitative data analysis. London: Sage; 1984.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Edy Sutrisno, Alih Aji Nugroho, Rima Ranintya Yusuf, Audrea Maria Margaretha, Livia Shirayuki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
