The Role of Body Images with Social Anxiety in Women Who have Experienced Catcalling
Abstract
Social anxiety is a phenomenon that many women experienced, especially those who have experienced verbal sexual harassment or catcalling. Lately, catcalling is become more familiar in mass media. Women who have been catcalled became more anxious, worried, and uncomfortable when interacting with others, worried about unsavoury comments because they perceive their body would invite the opposite sex’s attention. This research aims to understand the role of body image on the social anxiety of women who have been catcalled before. This research is conducted quantitatively, and the total subjects were 94 women, selected using accidental sampling method. Two scales were utilised to collect data from subjects; Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) and Multidimensional Body Self Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS). The result revealed that body image influences social anxiety in women who have been experiencing catcalling (F = 5.498 dengan P = 0.021 [P < 0.05]), whereas the contribution of body image to social anxiety is 5.6%. Positive thinking about body image could reduce the anxiety of negative evaluations from others.
Keywords: body image, catcalling, social anxiety, women
References
[1] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
[2] Nevid J, Rathus S, Greene B. Psikologi abnormal DSM 5. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga; 2018.
[3] Murphy A. Body image and social physique anxiety: gender differences, personality types and effects on self-esteem. Department of Psychology; 2012.
[4] Muharram R, Zahara CI, Amalia I. Hubungan body image dengan kecemasan sosial pada dewasa awal [ JPT]. Jurnal Psikologi Terapan. 2022;3(2):56–63.
[5] Qila SZ, Rahmadina RN, Azizah F. Catcalling sebagai bentuk pelecehan seksual traumatis. Jurnal Mahasiswa Komunikasi. 2021;1(2).
[6] Stellarosa Y, Firyal SJ, Ikhsano A. Pemanfaatan youtube sebagai sarana transformasi majalah highend. LUGAS Jurnal Komunikasi. 2018;2(2):59–68.
[7] Komnas Perempuan. Catatan tahunan tentang kekerasan terhadap perempuan tahun 2021. 2022.
[8] Dewi IA. Catcalling: Candaan, pujian atau pelecehan seksual. Acta Comitas: Jurnal Hukum Kenotariatan. 2019;4(2):198–212.
[9] Hasan MQ, Sanhadi PY, Riananda D, Lubis H. Kecemasan sosial perempuan korban catcalling di Samarinda. In Seminar Nasional Psikologi UAD. 2022.
[10] Yulianty N, Robiyanto OI. Phenomenology study of anxiety victims verbal sexual harassment (catcalling) at muhammadiyah Bandung university students. Psycho Holistic. 2022;4(1):17–21.
[11] Huseini M, Putri KY. Analisis catcalling terhadap compliment dalam teori speech act. Communicology. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi. 2021;9(2):151–173.
[12] Gennaro K, Ritschel C. Blurred lines: The relationship between catcalls and compliments. In Women’s Studies International Forum. Pergamon. 2019;75:102–239.
[13] Amin NA, Awaru OT. Dampak catcalling terhadap objektivitas diri dan citra tubuh mahasiswi fakultas ilmu sosial dan hukum universitas negeri Makassar. Pinisi Journal of Sociology Education Review. 2022;2(1):91–98.
[14] Khairani AP, Hannan H, Amalia L. Pengembangan alat ukur skala citra tubuh. Proyeksi: Jurnal Psikologi. 2019;14(2):195–205.
[15] Ratnasari SE. Hubungan antara body image dengan kecemasan sosial pada remaja perempuan [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Muhammadiyah Malang. 2017.
[16] Vannucci A, Ohannessian CM. Body image dissatisfaction and anxiety trajectories during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2018;47(5):785–795.
[17] Ramanda R, Akbar Z, Wirasti RM. Studi kepustakaan mengenai landasan teori body image bagi perkembangan remaja. Jurnal Edukasi: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling. 2019;5(2):121–135.
[18] Dacey J, Kenny M. Adolescent development. USA: Brown & Benchmark Publisher; 2001.
[19] Rudd NA, Lennon SJ. Body image and appearance-management behaviors in college women. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. 2000;18(3):152–162.
[20] Cash TF, Pruzinsky T. Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. The Guilford Press; 2002.
[21] Cash TF, Fleming EC, Alindogan J, Steadman L, Whitehead A. Beyond body image as a trait: The development and validation of the Body Image States Scale. Eating Disorders. 2002;10(2):103–113.
[22] Olivares J. Social anxiety scale for adolescents (sas-a): Psychometric properties in a spanish-speaking population. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. 2005;5(1):85–97.
[23] Murphy A. Body image and social physique anxiety: Gender differences, personality types and effects on self-esteem. Department of Psychology; 2012.
[24] Durand VM, Barlow DH. Intisari psikologi abnormal. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar; 2006.
[25] Ingman KA. An examination of social anxiety, social skills, social adjustment, and self-construal in Chinese and American students at an American university. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 1999.
[26] Ratnasari SE, Pratiwi I, Wildannisa H. Relationship between body image and social anxiety in adolescent women. European Journal of Psychological Research. 2021;8(1):65–72.
[27] Salsabila T, Puspitosari WA. Hubungan body image dengan kecemasan sosial pada remaja pengguna media sosial. Prosiding UMY Grace. 2020;1(2):274–280.
[28] Salim S, Syahrum S. Metodologi penelitian kuantitatif. Bandung: Ciptapustaka Media; 2014.
[29] Pratiwi F. Gambaran kecemasan sosial mahasiswa s1 universitas negeri Jakarta angkatan 2016 [Doctoral dissertation]. Universitas Negeri Jakarta; 2018.
[30] Cash TF. The manual for the Body Image Ideals Questionnaire. 2000.
[31] Husna NL. Hubungan antara body image dengan perilaku diet (Penelitian pada wanita di Sanggar senam Rita Pati). Developmental and Clinical Psychology. 2013;2(2).
[32] Thomas K, Davidson K, Hogan L, Faw MH. Co rumination, diet culture, intuitive eating, and body dissatisfaction among young adult women. Personal Relationships. 2021;28(2):406–426.
[33] Permatasari D, Diah D, Khotimah H. Ketidakpuasan bentuk tubuh dengan kecenderungan kecemasan sosial pada perempuan di fase dewasa awal di kota malang. Jurnal Psikologi Tabularasa. 2022;17(2):180–186.
[34] Mills JS, D’alfonso SR. Competition and male body image: Increased drive for muscularity following failure to a female. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2007;26(4):505–518.
[35] Sugita R, Iwamitsu Y. Factors associated with positive body image in adult men and women: Appearance schemas, physical self-perception, and mood states. Kitasato Medical Journal. 2022;52(1):20–27.
[36] Hardyani AK. Hubungan antara social comparison dengan body dissatisfaction pada wanita dewasa awal [Doctoral dissertation]. Universitas Katholik Soegijapranata Semarang; 2022.
[37] Thomas AS, Varghese JS, Abraham NM, Mathews NB, Rajan MP. Body image and social interaction anxiety among undergraduate students. International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management Sciences. 2020;6(5):516–522.