Translation and Adaptation of Cyberbullying Victimization and Perpetration Scales for Indonesian Contexts
Abstract
Cyberbullying incidents have increased intensively in Indonesia, affecting children’s mental health. However, no adapted and validated cyberbullying scales in Indonesian contexts were found. A systematic literature review presented several cyberbullying scales; one of them is cyberbullying victimization and cyberbullying perpetration scales that Patchin and Hinduja developed. Therefore, this study’s aims are twofold. First, to translate the two stated cyberbullying scales and adapt them for use in Indonesian contexts. Second, to test the validity and reliability of these two scales. This study’s methods include testing the translated scale for legibility and children’s understanding of the wording, conducting focus group discussions (FGDs) with three groups of children (N = 14), working on the back translation, and reviewing the back-translated version. This process also included pilot testing of the cyberbullying scales in children and adolescents aged 10-18 (N = 3,752; 52.4% girls; 47,6% boys; 81.6% middle school students; 18.4% high school students). Results showed that the Indonesian version of cyberbullying victimization and perpetration scales have been translated and adapted excellently and can be used for children aged 10 years and above.
Keywords: adolescents, children, cyberbullying victimization scale, cyberbullying perpetration scale, Indonesia
References
[1] ShoibS, et al. “Cyber victimization during the COVID-19 pandemic: A syndemic looming large.” Health Science Reports, vol. 5, no. 2. John Wiley and Sons Inc, Mar. 01, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.528..
[2] Shin SY, Choi YJ. Comparison of cyberbullying before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Sep;18(19):10085.
[3] Borualogo IS, Casas F. Sibling bullying, school bullying, and children’s subjective well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Child Indicators Research. 2023;16(3):1203–1232.
[4] Borualogo IS. Relasi dengan teman, mode komunikasi, dan subjective well-being anak dan remaja pada tahun kedua pandemi COVID-19. Journal Psychology of Science and Profession. 2021 Dec;5(3):236–247.
[5] Borualogo IS, Casas F. Children’s and adolescents’ reports on their quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi. 2021 Nov;6(2):153–170.
[6] Borualogo IS, Casas F. Subjective well-being of bullied children in Indonesia. Applied Research in Quality of Life. 2021 Apr;16(2):753–773.
[7] Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence Juv Justice. 2006;4(2):148–169.
[8] Patchin JW, Hinduja S. “Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research.” Aggression and violent behavior, vol. 23. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 69–74, Jul. 01, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.013
[9] Chun JS, Lee J, Kim J, Lee S. An international systematic review of cyberbullying measurements. Computers in Human Behavior. 2020 Dec;113:106485
[10] Byrne VL. “Validating a cyberbullying victimization measure among undergraduates.” Journal of College Student Development, vol. 62, no. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2021. pp. 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2021.0010
[11] Wongchinsri T, Chaiudomsom K, Piyavhatkul N, Piyawattanametha S, Bunpromma W. Transcultural translation and reliability of cyberbullying and online aggression survey instrument: Thai Version. Journal of Population and Social Studies. 2022;30:640– 650.
[12] Shadmanfaat SM, Howell CJ, Muniz CN, Cochran JK, Kabiri S, Fontaine EM. Cyberbullying perpetration: An empirical test of social learning theory in Iran. Deviant Behavior. 2020 Mar;41(3):278–293.
[13] Tzani C, Ioannou M, Synnott J, McDonnell D, Pylarinou NR. A description and examination of cyber-bullying victimisation in the UK. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. 2021 Oct;18(3):157–169.
[14] Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior. 2008 Feb;29(2):129–156.
[15] Khasanah AN, Agustin D, Sirodj N. “Types of bullying in junior high school students.” Proceedings of the Social and Humaniora Research Symposium, Atlantis Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2991/sores-18.2019.50
[16] Van De Vijver F. “Methodological aspects of cross-cultural research.” In Handbook of advances in culture & psychology. Gelfand M, Hong Y, Chiu CY, Eds., Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 101–160. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278887481 https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190218966.003.0003.
[17] Borualogo IS, Casas F. Adaptation and validation of the children’s worlds subjective well-being scale (CW-SWBS) in Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi. 2019 May;46(2):102.
[18] Borualogo IS, Casas F. The children’s worlds psychological well-being scale: adaptation and fit in the Indonesian context. Cogent Psychol. 2022;9(1):2053377.
[19] Borualogo IS, Jefferies P. Adapting the child and youth resilience measure-revised for Indonesian contexts. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology. 2019;8(4):480–498.
[20] Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research. 2010;14(3):206–221.