Theme, Characterisation, Background, Plot, and Social Class in the Novels Gadis Pantai and Para Priyayi: An Intertextual Review
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the intertextual relationship between the novel Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and the novel Para Priyayi by Umar Kayam through the analysis of theme, characterization, setting, plot, and social class. This was qualitative descriptive research. Based on the data analysis, it was found that there are differences in the intrinsic elements of both novels, namely: (a) the theme of the Gadis Pantai novel is humanity, while the theme of the Para Priyayi novel is the struggle for a better life; (b) the main characters in Gadis Pantai are Gadis Pantai and Bendoro, while the main characters in Para Priyayi are Sastrodarsono and Lantip; (c) Gadis Pantai uses a nineteenth-century setting (in Rembang Regency and the Javanese social background), while Para Priyayi uses a setting of 1910 (in Wanagalih, Wanalawas, Yogyakarta, Solo, and Jakarta, with a Javanese social background); and (d) Gadis Pantai uses a chronological plot, while Para Priyayi uses a mixed plot. Also, the social class of the characters in the two novels consist of the priyayi and the wong cilik class, but differences exist in the ways presented to obtain social status. We can conclude that the novel Gadis Pantai is a hypogram whereas the novel Para Priyayi is a transformation.
Keywords: Gadis Pantai novel, Para Priyayi novel, social class, intertextual studies, Javanese culture
References
[1] Endraswara S. Comparative literature research methodology. Jakarta: Buku Pop; 2011.
[2] Toer PA. Beach girl. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra; 2000.
[3] Kayam U. The nobles. Jakarta: Grafiti; 1992.
[4] Yeon L. Priyayi in literature: Reflecting on the priyayi, by Umar Kayam. Paper presented at: Seminar Internasional Pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra di Sekolah Untuk Pembentukan Karakter Siswa; 2011 Feb 19-20; Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia.
[5] Setiadi D, Aksa Y, Adji, M. The concept of aristocracy reflected in the novels of The Priyayi by Umar Kayam and The Beach Girl by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Widyaparwo. 2013;41(1):69-80.
[6] Santosa WH. Representation of priyayi ideology in the novels of The Priyayi, Canting, and Tangsi’s Girl. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bahasa, Sastra, dan Kekuasaan. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta; 2015.
[7] Wijaya HS. The concept of aristocracy reflected in the novels of The Priyayi by Umar Kayam and The Beach Girl by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bahasa, Sastra, dan Kekuasaan. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta; 2015.
[8] Purwantini P. The meaning of priyayi in Indonesia in the novel of Priyayi by Umar Kayam. International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation. 2018;6(1):51-61.
[9] Wibisono A, Waluyo HJ, Subiyantoro S. The beach girl novel as a character education lesson. Paper presented at: Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya pada Eras Distrupsi, Konferensi Bahasa dan Sastra III; 2018 Oct 16; Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia.
[10] Azwar AF, Andriani D, Ramadhan S. The image of women in the novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s beach girl (Feminism study). Deiksis. 2020;12(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.30998/deiksis.v12i01.3796
[11] Puspitasari RN, Suyitno S, Mulyono S. A study of the elements of Javanese culture and the social value of the novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer on the beach girl as literature learning material in high school. Basastra Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya. 2020;8(1):89-99.
[12] Nurgiyantoro B. Fiction study theory. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press; 2009.
[13] Pradopo RP. Some literary theories, critical methods, and their application. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar; 2007.
[14] Syani A. Sociology: Systematics, theory and application. Jakarta: BumiAksara; 2012.
[15] Suseno FM. Javanese ethics: A philosophical analysis of Javanese life policy. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama; 1984.
[16] Moleong LJ. Qualitative research methodology. Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya; 2006.
[17] Milles MB, Huberman MA. Qualitative data analysis. London: Sage Publication; 1984.
[18] Pramoedya ananta toer. Wikipedia; 2021 Oct 12. Available from: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer