Obesity and Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women
Abstract
Hypertension is a public health problem that has a high prevalence. The increase in prevalence with age, especially in women who have been entering menopause. Obesity is frequent in middle-aged women than men; this is the reason why weight often affects blood pressure. This study objective was to determine the association of obesity with hypertension in postmenopausal women using secondary data analysis: The Baseline Cohort Study of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Kebon Kalapa, Central Bogor, Bogor City in 2011.The cross-sectional study was used in this study. Prevalence Ratios (PR) hypertension was 1.51 times greater in obesity (95 % CI: 1.12 to 2.04, p value = 0.003). Multivariate analysis used Cox Regression after controlled by confounding variables, they were: age, family income and a history of chronic disease, the prevalence rate of hypertension in obese respondents was 1.38 times higher compared with they who had normal weight (95 % CI is 0.92-2.07). Obesity in postmenopausal women may increase blood pressure, so it needs to be early anticipation by increasing healthy behavior and health education for the community.
Keywords: Hypertension; obesity; postmenopausal; women
References
[1] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan-Departemen Kesehatan, Republik Indonesia Desember 2008. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2007. Laporan Nasional 2007.
[2] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan-Kementerian Kesehatan, Republik Indonesia 2013. Penyajian Pokok-pokok Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2013.
[3] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan-Kementerian Kesehatan, Republik Indonesia, 2011. Laporan Akhir Penelitian Studi Kohor Faktor Risiko PTM Tahun 2011. Pusat Tehnologi Intervensi Kesehatan Masyarakat, Jakarta.
[4] Baziad A, 2003, Menopause dan Andropause, Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo, Jakarta.
[5] Chang CJ, et al., 2000. Relationship of Age, Menopause and Central Obesity on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Chinese Women, International Journal of Obesity 24, 1699-1704, www.nature.com [14 April 2013].
[6] Chen Pei-Chun, et al. 2009. Two-year Change in BMI and Subsequent Risk of Hypertension Among Men and Women in A Taiwan Community, Journal of Hypertension 27: 000-000.
[7] Cifkova Renata, et al. 2008. Blood Pressure around the Menopause: a Population Study. J Hypertens 26:1976-1982.
[8] Collins Peter et al., 2007. Management of Cardiovascular Risk in The Perimenopausal Woman: A Consensus Statement of European Cardiologist and Gynaecologist. European Heart Journal 28, 2028 – 2040.
[9] Coylewright Megan, et al. 2008. Menopause and Hypertension: An Age-Old Debate. Hypertension: Journal of The American Health Association, 2008;51;952-959, http: //hyper.ahajournals.org/content/51/4/952. [14 April 2013].
[10] Cuadros Jose L, et al., 2011. Body mass index and its correlation to metabolic and hormone parameters in postmenopausal Spanish women, Gynecological Endocrinology, September 2011; 27(9): 678–684
[11] Giubertoni Elisa, et al., 2013, Parity as Predictor of Early Hypertension During Menopausal Transition. Journal of Hypertension, March 2013, Volume 31, Issue 3, p 501 – 507.
[12] Gupta, R., Kaul V., Agrawal, 2010, Cardiovascular risk according to educational status in India, Preventive Medicine. 51, 408-411.
[13] Herrera Victoria LM, et al, 2012. Differential Genetic Basis for Pre-Menopausal and Post-Menopausal Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Plos One, www.plosone.org August 2012, volume 7, Issue 8, e 43160, [ 9 April 2013].
[14] He Yao, et al. 2007. BMI Versus The Metabolic Syndrome in Relation to Cardiovascular Risk in Elderly Chinese Individuals, Diabetes Care, volume 30, 8:2128 – 2134.
[15] Indah Yuliana Wulandari, et al, 2009. Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang menopause dengan dukungan sosial suami saat istri menghadapi menopause di desa Somagede Kecamatan Somagede Banyumas, Jurnal Kesmas UAD vol. 3, No. 3, September 2009.hal 162- 232.
[16] John Nimmy N, Kumar R Mohan, Narmadha MP, 2012, Assesment of Cardiovascular Risk in Pre and Post Menopausal Hypertensive Women, International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 3 (7), www.irjponline.com [1 Mei 2013].
[17] Jouyandeh Zahra, et al. 2013. Metabolic Syndrome and Menopause. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2013, 12:1, http://www.jdmdonline.com/content/12/ 1/1. [14 April 2013].
[18] Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2012. Masalah Hipertensi di Indonesia. Pusat Komunikasi Publik, Sekretaris Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan RI. www.depkes.go.id. [ 12 Maret 2013].
[19] Khalid Mohammed EM, 2006. The Effect of Age, Obesity, and Parity on Blood Pressure and Hypertension in Non-Pregnant Married Women, Department of Physiology College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 2006; 13(3).
[20] Khokhar Kawaljit Kaur, 2012. Association of Obesity with Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes and The Role of The Menopausal Status, Human Biology Review I (2).
[21] Lakshman R, et al., 2009. Early Age at Menarche Associated with Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality, Abstract, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009 Dec;94(12):4953-60.
[22] Lubianca JN, et al. 2005, Stopping Oral Contraceptives: An Effective Blood PressureLowering Intervention in Women with Hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension 19, 451 – 455. www.nature.com [ 1 Mei 2013].
[23] Martin N, 2000. Analisis Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Hipertensi pada Masyarakat di Kelurahan Abadi Jaya Kota Depok Tahun 2000. Tesis FKM UI
[24] Mass A.H.E.M and Franke H.R. 2009. Women’s Health in Menopause with a Focus on Hypertension. Neth Heart J. 2009 February; 17(2): 68-72.
[25] Matthias Barton and Matthias R Meyer, 2009. Postmenopausal Hypertension: Mechanisms and Therapy. Journal of The American Heart Association. http://hyper.ahajournals.org [16 April 2013]
[26] Martin Jeffery, 2008. Hypertension Guidelines: Revisiting The JNC 7 Recommendations, The Journal of Lancaster General Hospital, Fall 2008. Vol.3- No.3.
[27] Megumi T Utsugi, 2008. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and the Risk of Hypertension Determined by Self Measurement of Blood Pressure at Home: The Ohasama Study. Hypertension Research (2008) 31, 1435–1443; doi:10.1291/hypres.31.1435
[28] Niemi N Haapanen et al., 2000. Body Mass Index, Physical Inactivity and Low Level of Physical Fitness as Determinants of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality– 16y Follow up of Middle-aged and Elderly Men and Women, International Journal of Obesity 24, 1465 – 1474. www.nature.com. [30 April 2013].
[29] National Institutes of Health (NIH) NHLBI. 1998. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. 1. NIH Report 98-4083, 1998
[30] National Institutes of Health, 2003. JNC 7 Express: The 7