The Influence of the Agroecological Resources of Crimea on thePrimary and Secondary Metabolites of AligoteGrapes
Abstract
This research focused on examining the interrelationships between the natural conditions for growing grapes, as well as the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the harvest. These are important criteria for the scientifically grounded selection of a territory for planting a vineyard, selecting varieties and determining the use of the resulting products. The characteristics of six model vineyards of the Aligote cultivar, located in various natural zones and viticultural regions of the Crimea, were analyzed. The values of climatic indicators were calculated, including the growing degree days above 10∘C (∑Т ∘С10), growing degree days above 20∘C (∑Т ∘С20), Huglin index, Winkler index, average growing season temperature, average September temperature, ratio ∑Т ∘С20/∑Т ∘С10,total precipitation during the year, total precipitation during the growing season, total precipitation in September, and Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient. These were calculated usinggeoinformation and mathematical modeling for the locations of the analyzed vineyards. The content of the primary metabolites (total sugars, titrated acids and calculated indicators based on them) and secondary metabolites (phenolic components, oxidase activity) of grapes from the model vineyards were analyzed. The range of variation in the studied indicators within the analyzed territories was calculated, and the nature and magnitude of the relationships between the indicators were revealed. A cluster analysis of the analyzed vineyards was carried out and clusters were distinguished according to the degree of similarity in climatic parameters, as well as the content of the primary and secondary metabolites of the grapes.
Keywords: grapes, agroecological factors, primary and secondary grape metabolites, ampeloecological zoning, terroir
References
[1] Downey MO, Dokoozlian NK, Krstic M. Cultural, practice and environmental impacts on the flavonoid composition of grapes and wine: A review of recent research.American Journal of Enology and Viticulture.2006;57(3):257–268.
[2] Ubalde JM, Sort X, Poch RM, Porta M.Influence of edapho-climatic factors on grape quality in Conca de Barberà Vineyards (Catalonia, Spain). Journal International DesSciences De La Vigne Et Du Vin. 2007;1:33–41.
[3] Van Leeuwen C, Darriet P. (2016). The impact of climate change on viticulture and wine quality. Journal of Wine Economics. 2016;1:150–167.
[4] Drappier J, Thibon C, Rabot A, Geny-DenisL. Relationship between wine composition and temperature: Impact on Bordeaux wine typicity in the context of global warming. Review, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.2019;59(1):14-30. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1355776
[5] Foursa DI, Foursa VP.Effects of climatic peculiarities of the south coast of the Crimea on the specialization of the grape and wine industry of the region. Works of Scientific Center of Viticilture and Winemaking of Yalta National Instituta of Viticulture and Winemaking. 2001;3:15–21.
[6] Jones G. Climate change: Observations, projections, and general implications for viticulture and wine production. Practical Winery and Viticulture. 2007; 1(29).55-66
[7] Jarvis C, Barlow E, Darbyshire R, Eckard R, Goodwin I. (2017). Relationship between viticultural climatic indices and grape maturity in Australia. International Journal of Biometeorology. 2017;61(10):1849–1862.
[8] Rybalko EA, Baranova NV, Loupian E?et al. (2016). Management of ground and remote sensing data for remote monitoring of vineyards. Current Problems in Remote Sensing of the Earth From Space.2016;13:79–92.
[9] Tolpin VA, Rybalko EA, Baranova NV, Kashnitskii AV, Loupian EA, Uvarov IA. Building a repository of satellite and ground data for the development of viticulture remote monitoring methods in the Republic of Crimea. Current Problems in Remote Sensing of the Earth From Space. 2017;14:101–110.
[10] Liviu M, Irimia L, Patriche CV, Quenol H.Viticultural zoning: A comparative study regarding the accuracy of different approaches in vineyards climate suitability assessment. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 2013;46(3):95–106.
[11] Irimia L, Patriche CV, Quenol H.(2012). Mapping viticultural potential in temperate climate areas. Case study: Bucium vineyard (Romania). Cercetari Agronomice în Moldova. 2012;2(150):75–84.
[12] Schultze SR,Sabbatini P,Andresen JA.(2014). Spatial and temporal study of climatic variability on grape production in southwestern Michigan. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 2014;65(2):179–188.
[13] Jones NK.An investigation of trends in viticultural climatic indices in Southern Quebec, a cool climate wine region.Journal of Wine Research. 2018;29(2-3):120– 129.
[14] van Leeuwen C, Bois B. Update in unified terroir zoning methodologies. Presented at:E3S Web of Conferences 50, 01044 (2018) XII Congreso Internacional Terroir. Aragon, Spain, June 18-22, 2018
[15] Naumova LG, Novikova LY.Thermal analysis of interphase periods of grapes collection of All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Y.I. Potapenko.Viticulture and Winemaking. 2015;5:46–50.
[16] Egorov ??, Petrov VS. Creation of the sustainable self-regulating grapes agrocenoses in the temperate continental climate conditions of the Russian’s south.Bulletin of the Russian Agricultural Science. 2017;5:51–54.
[17] Jones GV, Duff AA, Hall A, Myers JW. Spatial analysis of climate in winegrape growing regions in the western United States. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 2010;61:313–326.
[18] Kryza M, Szymanowski M, Blas M, Migala K, Werner M, Sobik M. Observed changes in SAT and GDD and the climatological suitability of the Poland-Germany-Czech Republic transboundary region for wine grapes cultivation. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2015;122(1–2):207–218.
[19] ComteV, Zufferey V,Rösti J, CalancaP, RebetezM.Adaptation strategies of a cold climate vineyard to climate change, the case of the Neuchâtel region in Switzerland. Presented at: 42nd Congress of Vine and Wine 17th General Assembly of the OIV; 2019 July 15th-19; CICG, Geneva, Switzerland.
[20] Jones G. Climate change in the western United States grape growing regions. Brussels, Belgium, Acta Hortic;2005.
[21] Gladstones J. Viticulture Volume 1 – Resources. Dry PR, Coombe BG, editors. Adelaide:Winetitles; 2004.Climate and Australian viticulture.
[22] Ostroukhova E, Levchenko S, Vasylyk I, Volynkin V, Lutkova N, Boyko V?. Comparison of the phenolic complex of crimean autochthonous and classic white-berry grape cultivars. International Conference on Efficient Production and Processing; Prague, Czech Republic, February 27-28, 2020
[23] Dikan ?P, Vilchinskiy VF, Vernovskiy E?, Zayats IY. Viticulture of the Crimea.Simferopol: Biznes-Inform; 2001.
[24] Huglin, P. (1978) Nouveau mode d’évaluation des possibilités héliothermiques d’un milieu viticole. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie d’Agriculture de France, 1978, 64, 1117-1126.
[25] Amerine MA, WinklerAJ.Composition and quality of musts and wines of California grapes. Hilgardia.1944;15(6):493–673.
[26] Selyaninov GT. On the agricultural assessment of climate. Proceedings on Agriculture Meteorology. 1928; 20. 165-177
[27] Rybalko EA. Adaptation of mathematical model of spatial distribution of warm temperatures supply of territory for the purpose of effective placing of industrial vineyards in territory of the Crimean peninsula. Viticulture and Winemaking.2014;2:10–11.
[28] Rybalko EA, Baranova NV.Development of a simulation model of frost susceptibility spatial distribution on the territory of the Republic of Crimea as applied to viniculture. Environmental Control Systems. 2016;6(26):101–105.
[29] Rybalko EA, Baranova NV, Borisova VY.Patterns of the spatial variation of Huglin index in the conditions of the Crimean Peninsula. Winemaking and Viticulture. 2020;1:18–23.
[30] Rybalko EA, Baranova NV, Borisova VY.Study of laws of spatial variation of the mean air temperature for the growing season on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula.Magarach, Viticulture and Winemaking. 2020;2:120–124.
[31] Ed VG. Gerzhikova metody techno-chemical control methods in winemaking. 2nd
edition. Simferopol: Tavrida Publ; 2009.
[32] Mehuzla NA. Collection of international methods for the analysis and evaluation of
wines and wort. Moscow; Food Industry, 1993.
[33] Yermakov AI.Methods of biochemical research of plants.2nd edition. Leningrad:
KolosPubl.; 1972.
[34] Rybalko EA, Baranova NV. Trends analysis of changes in the climatic conditions of
the Republic of Crimea for advanced mapping of locations suitable for vineyards establishment. Environmental Control Systems. 2018;14(34):116–121.
[35] Raul F-G, Hernandez-Hierro JM, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, Escribano–Bailon MT. Influence of climatic conditions on the phenolic composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Graciano.Analytica Chimica Acta. 2012;732:73–77.
[36] Spayd SE, Tarara JM, Mee DL, Ferguson JC. Separation of sunlight and temperature effects on the composition of vitis vinifera cv. Merlot Berries. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 2002;53:171–182.
[37] Ostroukhova EV, Peskova IV, Rybalko EA, Tvardovskaya LB.The effect of climatic factors on the technological characteristics of red grape varieties cultivated in different regions of the republic of the ?rimea. Magarach. Viticulture and Winemaking. 2015;2:28–31.
[38] He F, Mu L, Yan GL et al. Biosynthesis of anthocyanins and their regulation in colored grapes. Molecules.2010;15:9057–9091.
[39] MarkosovVA, Ageeva NM. Biochemistry, technology and biomedical features of red wines. Krasnodar: North-caucasian zone research institute of horticulture and viticulture; 2008.
[40] Rio P, KennedyJ, KennedyJA.Development of proanthocyanidins in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir grapes and extraction into wine. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 2006;57:125–132.
[41] Gil-MunozR, Gomez-Plaza E,MartmnezA et al.Evolution of phenolic compounds during wine fermentation and post-fermentation: Influence of grape temperature. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 1999;12:259–272.
[42] Ostroukhova EV.The dynamics of grapevine oxidase activity during skin contact and its role in the formation of the must phenol complex. Viticulture and Winemaking. 2011;2:16–18.