Breve historia de la ciencia del cambio climático y la respuesta política global: un análisis contextual/Brief history of climate change science and global political response: a context analysis
Abstract
Los sistemas naturales y humanos de la Tierra soportan presiones dramáticas debido al cambio climático. Una gran cantidad de evidencia científica muestra que el cambio climático es, en parte, causado por actividades antropogénicas. El inicio de la revolución industrial, alrededor de 1750, intensificó la tasa de acumulación de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera terrestre. Este aumento de la concentración de GEI en la atmósfera, sin duda, ha acelerado los cambios en el clima del planeta, causando a su vez un aumento de las temperaturas globales del suelo, los océanos y el aire. Este aumento de la temperatura global afecta notablemente a los sistemas naturales y humanos por igual. Científicos, sectores interesados, personalidades sociales y políticas han exigido a los gobiernos y otras organizaciones locales, nacionales y supranacionales que acepten su responsabilidad y emprendan acciones decisivas para mitigar el cambio climático y sus impactos. Actualmente, uno de los principales objetivos de la humanidad, para minimizar o evitar desastres catastróficos relacionados con el clima, es mantener el calentamiento global por debajo de los 2∘ C en comparación con los niveles preindustriales. En consecuencia, la comunidad internacional ha respondido de diferentes maneras para mitigar y adaptarse a los impactos del cambio climático. Este artículo presenta un análisis de la literatura sobre la ciencia del cambio climático y la respuesta política global, proporcionando, además, una descripción del establecimiento de diferentes organizaciones científicas y políticas clave destinadas a mitigar el cambio climático.
Abstract: Earth’s natural and human systems are enduring dramatic pressures due to climate change. A great body of scientific evidence shows that climate change is, in part, caused by anthropogenic activities. The start of the industrial revolution, around 1750, intensified the rate of growth of GHGs’ concentration in Earth’s atmosphere. The increased atmospheric GHGs’ concentration has, undoubtedly, accelerated changes in Earth’s climate, which in turn, caused an increase of global land, ocean, and air temperatures. This global temperature rise is noticeably impacting natural and human systems alike. Scientists, stakeholders, social and political personalities have demanded governments and other organizations at local, national and supranational levels to accept their responsibility and undertake decisive actions to mitigate climate change and its impacts. At present, one of the main goals of humankind, to minimize or avoid catastrophic climate-related disasters, is to keep earth’s warming below 2∘ C compared to pre-industrial levels. In this context, the international community has responded in different ways to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. This paper presents a brief review of the literature of the science of climate change and the global political response. Science and political response must go hand in hand to fight climate change and its impacts. This paper also provides an account of the establishment of different key scientific and political organizations aimed to mitigate climate change.
Palabras clave: Cambio Climático, Ciencia Medioambiental, Política Medioambiental.
Keywords: Climate Change, Environmental Science, Environmental Policy.
References
[1] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2014. p. 1–32.
[2] Salas EM. The role of factors that influence the adoption of the Australian Carbon Farming Initiative- Emissions Reduction Fund: a mixed methods study: James Cook University; 2017.
[3] Bowen GA. Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal. 2009;9(2):27–40.
[4] Del Regno, Leandro. La importancia del análisis del contexto. Petrotecnia. 2012 Febrero, 2012:80–85.
[5] United States Global Change Research Program. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States2009 20/02/2013.
[6] Pachauri RK, Allen MR, Barros VR, Broome J, Cramer W, Christ R, et al. Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC; 2014.
[7] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. An Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA; 2007.
[8] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA; 2007.
[9] Eliasch J. Climate change: financing global forests: the Eliasch review. Hoboken: Earthscan; 2008 10/02/2013.
[10] United Nations Environment Programme. Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world. New York: United Nations Development Programme; 2007.
[11] Australian Academy of Science. The science of climate change: questions and answers. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science; 2015. p. 1–44.
[12] Bodansky D. The history of the global climate change regime. International relations and global climate change. 2001:23–40.
[13] The Keeling Curve: Carbon Dioxide Measurements at Mauna Loa. National Historic Chemical Landmark [Página principal en Internet], American Chemical Society; 2017 [actualizada en febrero 2019; acceso 22 febrero 2019]. [aprox. 4 pantallas]. Disponible en: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/keeling-curve.html
[14] Leiserowitz A. International public opinion, perception, and understanding of global climate change. Human development report. 2007;2008:1–40.
[15] Harris DC. Charles David Keeling and the Story of Atmospheric CO Measurements. Analytical chemistry (Washington). 2010;82(19):7865–7870.
[16] Mauna Loa record - smooth curve [Página principal en Internet], San Diego: SCRIPPS Institution of Oceanography at San Diego; 2019 [actualizada en febrero 2019; acceso 27 febrero 2019]. [aprox. 1 pantallas,cited 2019 2019/03/22]. Available from: http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/graphics_gallery/mauna_loa_record/mauna_loa_record_smooth_curve
[17] Oreskes N. The scientific consensus on climate change. Science. 2004;306(5702):1686.
[18] Kvaløy B, Finseraas H, Listhaug O. The publics’ concern for global warming: A cross-national study of 47 countries. Journal of Peace Research. 2012;49(1):11–22.
[19] Kragt ME, Gibson FL, Maseyk F, Wilson KA. Public willingness to pay for carbon farming and its cobenefits. Ecological Economics. 2016;126:125–131.
[20] Stokes B, Wike R, Carle J. Global concern about climate change, broad support for limiting emissions. Pew Research Center. 2015;5.
[21] Gelissen J. Explaining popular support for environmental protection: A multilevel analysis of 50 nations. Environment and behavior. 2007;39(3):392–415.
[22] A brief history of ICSU [Página principal en Internet], International Council for Science; 2015 [actualizada en enero 2019; acceso 10 de enero 2019]. [aprox. 4 pantallas]. Disponible en: http://www.icsu.org/ abouticsu/about-us/a-brief-history
[23] International Council for Science. ICSU and Climate Science: 1962 - 2006 and beyond. From GARP to IPCC. Celebrating 75 years: 1931–2006. International Council for Science; 2006.
[24] The World Meteorological Organization at a glance [Página principal en Internet], World Meteorological Organization; 2009[actualizada en febrero 2019; acceso 10 febrero 2019]. [aprox. 2 pantallas]. Disponible en: https://www.wmo.int/pages/about/index_en.html
[25] World Climate Programme [Página principal en Internet], World Meteorological Organization; 2015 [actualizada en febrero 2019; acceso 10 febrero 2019]. [aprox. 2 pantallas]. Disponible en: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcp.html
[26] ONU Medio Ambiente [Página principal en Internet], United Nations Environment Programme; 2019 [actualizada en enero 2019; acceso 8 enero 2019]. [aprox. 1 pantallas]. Disponible en: https://www.unenvironment.org/es
[27] Introduction to the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol [Página principal en Internet], International Institute for Sustainable Development; 2009 [actualizada en marzo 2019; acceso 22 marzo 2019]. [aprox. 3 pantallas]. Disponible en: http://www.iisd.ca/process/climate_atm-fcccintro.html
[28] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 16 years of scientific assessment in support of the Climate Convention. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2004.
[29] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UNFCCC 25 Years of Effort and Achievement: Key Milestones in the Evolution of International Climate Policy 2019 [cited 2019 2019/03/22]. Available from: https://unfccc.int/timeline/
[30] The Paris agreement [Página principal en Internet], United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; 2016 [actualizada en Febrero 2019; acceso 22 febrero 2019]. [aprox. 1 pantallas]. Disponible en: http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php
[31] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Katowice Climate Change Conference 2018 [actualizada en octubre 2018; acceso 15 octubre 2018]. [aprox. 2 pantallas]. Disponible en: https://unfccc.int/katowice
[32] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Understanding climate change: 22 years of IPCC assessments. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2010.
[33] IPCC Organization [Página principal en Internet], Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2015 [actualizada en agosto 2015; acceso 17 agosto 2015]. [aprox. 3 pantallas] Disponible en: https://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml.
[34] Status of Ratification of the Convention [Página principal en Internet], United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; 2014 [actualizada en julio 2014; acceso 13 julio 2014]. [aprox. 2 pantallas]. Disponible en: https://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php
[35] What is the CDM [Página principal en Internet], United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; 2015 [actualizada en mayo 2015; acceso 14 mayo 2015]. [aprox. 1 pantallas]. Disponible en: http://cdm.unfccc.int/about/index.html
[36] What is the Kyoto Protocol? [Página principal en Internet], United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; 2019 [actualizada en Febrero 2019; acceso 22 febrero 2019]. [aprox. 4 pantallas]. Disponible en: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/what-is-thekyoto- protocol/what-is-the-kyoto-protocol
[37] International Carbon Action Partnership. Emissions trading worldwide. Status Report 2015; 2015.
[38] Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Climate Change 101 Cap and Trade Arlington, VA2011 Disponible en: http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/climate101-captrade.pdf
[39] International Carbon Action Partnership. Emissions Trading Worldwide: Status Report 2017. Berlin: ICAP; 2017.
[40] Alamgir M, Salas EM, Turton SM, Pert PL. Ecosystem services: adaptation pathways and opportunities. In: Moran C, Turton SM, Hill R, editors. Adaptation Pathways and Opportunities for the Wet Tropics NRM Cluster Region. Cairns, Australia: CSIRO and James Cook University; 2014.
[41] Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Climate and Carbon. Aligning prices and policies: OECD Publishing; 2013.
[42] World Bank. State and trends of carbon pricing 2014. Washington DC: World Bank; 2014.
[43] World Bank. Carbon Pricing Watch 2015. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2015.