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Torabi R, Harris A, Siesky B, Zukerman R, Oddone F, Mathew S, Januleviciene I, Verticchio Vercellin AC. Prevalence Rates and Risk Factors for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in the Middle East. JOVR [Internet]. 2021Oct.25 [cited 2024Apr.20];16(4):644–656. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/9755
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v16i4.9755
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- Cited by 4 articles
authors
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Rana Torabi
Rana Torabi
Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
-
Alon Harris
Alon Harris
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
-
Brent Siesky
Brent Siesky
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
-
Ryan Zukerman
Ryan Zukerman
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
-
Francesco Oddone
Francesco Oddone
IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
-
Sunu Mathew
Sunu Mathew
Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
-
Ingrida Januleviciene
Ingrida Januleviciene
Eye Clinic of Medical Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
-
Alice C. Verticchio Vercellin
Alice C. Verticchio Vercellin
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Published Date
- Oct 25, 2021
Prevalence Rates and Risk Factors for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in the Middle East
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Current data has demonstrated the approximate distribution of primary openangle glaucoma (POAG) in patients of European, African, Hispanic, and Eastern Asian descent. However, a significant gap in the literature exists regarding the prevalence of POAG in Middle Eastern (ME) populations. Current studies estimate ME POAG prevalence based on a European model. Herein we screened 65 total publications on ME prevalence of POAG and specific risk factors using keywords: “glaucoma”, “prevalence”, “incidence”, “risk factor”, “Middle East”, “Mideast”, “Persian”, “Far East”, as well as searching by individual ME countries through PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Scopus, and Trip searches with additional reference list searches from relevant articles published up to and including March 1, 2021. Fifty qualifying records were included after 15 studies identified with low statistical power, confounding co-morbid ophthalmic diseases, and funding bias were excluded. Studies of ME glaucoma risk factors that identify chromosomes, familial trend, age/gender, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, intraocular pressure, vascular influences, optic disc hemorrhage, cup-to-disc ratio, blood pressure, obstructive sleep apnea, and diabetes mellitus were included in this systematic review. We conclude that the prevalence of POAG in the ME is likely higher than the prevalence rate that European models suggest, with ME specific risk factors likely playing a role. However, these findings are severely limited by the paucity of population-level data in the ME. Well-designed, longitudinal population-based studies with rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria are ultimately needed to accurately assess the epidemiology and specific mechanistic risk factors of glaucoma in ME populations.
Keywords:
Epidemiology, Glaucoma, Middle East, Prevalence, Risk Factors
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2. Tham Y-C, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng C-Y. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2014;121:2081–2090.
3. Prum BE, Rosenberg LF, Gedde SJ, Mansberger SL, Stein JD, Moroi SE, et al. Primary open-angle glaucoma preferred practice pattern guidelines. Ophthalmology 2016;123:41–111.
4. Huck A, Harris A, Siesky B, Kim N, Muchnik M, Kanakamedala P, et al. Vascular considerations in glaucoma patients of African and European descent. Acta Ophthalmol 2014;92:e336–e340.
5. Alshawa L, Harris A, Gross J, Snyder A, Rao A, Siesky B. Primary open-angle glaucoma in patients of Middle Eastern descent. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2017;31:209–210.
6. Cheng J-W, Zong Y, Zeng Y-Y, Wei R-L. The Prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in adult Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9:e103222.
7. Eid TM, El-hawary I, El-menawy W. Prevalence of glaucoma types and legal blindness from glaucoma in the western region of Saudi Arabia: a hospital-based study. Int Ophthalmol 2009;29:477–483.
8. Al-Mansouri FA, Kanaan A, Gamra H, Khandekar R, Hashim SP, Al Qahtani O, et al. Prevalence and determinants of glaucoma in citizens of Qatar aged 40 years or older: a community-based survey. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2011;18:141–149.
9. Khandekar R, Jaffer MA, Al Raisi A, Zutshi R, Mahabaleshwar M, Shah R, et al. Oman Eye Study 2005: prevalence and determinants of glaucoma. East Mediterr Health J 2008;14:1349–1359.
10. Khandekar R, Mohammed AJ, Negrel AD, Al Riyami A. The prevalence and causes of blindness in the Sultanate of Oman: the Oman Eye Study (OES). Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:957–962.
11. Khandekarl R, Zutshi R. Glaucoma in Oman: a review. J Glaucoma 2006;15:271–273.
12. Goldshtein I, Levkovitch-Verbin H, Shalev V, Zigman N, Chodick G. PHS78 - Persistence with glaucoma therapy in a lrage health organization in Israel. Value Health 2013;16:A199.
13. Levkovitch-Verbin H, Goldshtein I, Chodick G, Zigman N, Shalev V. The Maccabi Glaucoma Study: prevalence and incidence of glaucoma in a large Israeli health maintenance organization. Am J Ophthalmol 2014;158:402–408.e401.
14. Pakravan M, Yazdani S, Javadi M-A, Amini H, Behroozi Z, Ziaei H, et al. a population-based survey of the prevalence and types of glaucoma in Central Iran: The Yazd Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2013;120:1977–1984.
15. Hashemi H, Mohammadi M, Zandvakil N, Khabazkhoob M, Hassan Emamiane M, Shariati M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of glaucoma in an adult population from Shahroud, Iran. J Curr Ophthalmol 2018;31:366–372.
16. Al-Bahlal A, Khandekar R, Al Rubaie K, Alzahim T, Edward DP, Kozak I. Changing epidemiology of neovascular glaucoma from 2002 to 2012 at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65:969– 973.
17. Al-Shaaln FF, Bakrman MA, Ibrahim AM, Aljoudi AS. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among Saudi adults attending primary health care centers in northern Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2011;31:473–480.
18. Khandekar R, Chauhan D, Yasir ZH, Al-Zobidi M, Judaibi R, Edward DP. The prevalence and determinants of glaucoma among 40 years and older Saudi residents in the Riyadh Governorate (except the Capital) – a community based survey. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2019;33:332–337.
19. Khandekar R, Mohammed AJ. Visual disabilities among diabetics in Oman. Saudi Med J 2005;26:836–841.
20. Kahloun R, Khairallah M, Resnikoff S, Cicinelli MV, Flaxman SR, Das A, et al. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in North Africa and Middle East in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections. Br J Opthalmol 2018.
21. Cumoletti M, Batalova, J. Middle Eastern and North African immigrants in the United States [Internet]. Online J MPI. 2018 [cited 2020 September 15]. Available from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/middle-easternand- north-african-immigrants-united-states-2016
22. Sit AJ. Intraocular pressure variations: causes and clinical significance. Can J Ophthalmol 2014;49:484–488.
23. Cho HK, Kee C. Population-based glaucoma prevalence studies in Asians. Surv Ophthalmol 2014;59:434–447.
24. Takamoto M, Araie M. Genetics of primary open angle glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2014;58:1–15.
25. Nakano M, Ikeda Y, Taniguchi T, Yagi T, Fuwa M, Omi N, et al. Three susceptible loci associated with primary openangle glaucoma identified by genome-wide association study in a Japanese population. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009;106:12838–12842.
26. Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Almobarak FA, Abu-Amero KK, Al- Obeidan SA. Polymorphism rs7961953 in TMTC2 gene is not associated with primary open-angle glaucoma in a Saudi cohort. Ophthalmic Genet 2019;40:74–76.
27. Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Almobarak FA, Kalantan H, Sultan T, Al-Obeidan SA, et al. Polymorphism rs11656696 in GAS7 is not associated with primary open angle glaucoma in a Saudi cohort. Genet Test Mol Biomark 2017;21:754–758.
28. Kondkar AA, Sultan T, Almobarak FA, Kalantan H, Abu- Amero KK, Al-Obeidan SA. Plexin domain containing 2 (PLXDC2) gene polymorphism rs7081455 may not influence POAG risk in a Saudi cohort. BMC Res Notes 2018;11:733.
29. Kondkar AA, Edward NB, Kalantan H, Al-Kharashi AS, Altuwaijri S, Mohamed G, et al. Lack of association between polymorphism rs540782 and primary open angle glaucoma in Saudi patients. J Negat Results BioMed 2017;16:3.
30. Abu-Amero KK, Kondkar AA, Mousa A, Almobarak FA, Alawad A, Altuwaijri S, et al. Analysis of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-2B rs1063192 polymorphism in Saudi patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Genet Test Mol Biomark 2016;20:637–641.
31. Narooie-Nejad M, Rasouli A, Mousavi M, Rohani MR. Study of MYOC gene mutation in POAG patients in Zahedan, Iran. Clin Lab 2017;63:1283–1291.
32. Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Sultan T, Osman EA, Almobarak FA, Al-Obeidan SA. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene polymorphisms with primary open-angle glaucoma in a Saudi cohort. PLoS One 2020;15:e0227417–e0227417.
33. Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Almobarak FA, Kalantan H, Sultan T, Alsabaani NA, et al. Polymorphism rs10483727 in the SIX1/SIX6 gene locus is a risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma in a Saudi cohort. Genet Test Mol Biomark 2018;22:74–78.
34. Neamatzadeh H, Soleimanizad R, Atefi A, Zare-Shehneh M, Gharibi S, Shekari A, et al. Association between p53 codon 72 (Arg72Pro) polymorphism and primary open-angle glaucoma in Iranian patients. Iran Biomed J 2015;19:51–56.
35. Fakhraie G, Parvini F, Ghanavi J, Saif S, Farnia P. Association of IL-10 gene promoter polymorphisms with susceptibility to pseudoexfoliation syndrome, pseudoexfoliative and primary open-angle glaucoma. BMC Med Genet 2020;21:32.
36. Zhang YH, Xing YQ, Chen Z, Ma XC, Lu Q. Association between interleukin-10 genetic polymorphisms and risk of primary open angle glaucoma in a Chinese Han population: a case-control study. Int J Ophthalmol 2019;12:1605–1611.
37. The Genetics of Glaucoma in People of African Descent (GGLAD) Consortium. Association of genetic variants with primary open-angle glaucoma among individuals with African ancestry. JAMA 2019;322:1682–1691.
38. Tielsch JM, Katz J, Sommer A, Quigley HA, Javitt JC. Family history and risk of primary open angle glaucoma. The Baltimore Eye Survey. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:69– 73.
39. Yazdani S, Akbarian S, Pakravan M, Afrouzifar M. Prevalence of angle closure in siblings of patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2015;24:149–153.
40. Vajaranant TS, Nayak S, Wilensky JT, Joslin CE. Gender and glaucoma: what we know and what we need to know. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010;21:91–99.
41. Ryskulova A, Turczyn K, Makuc DM, Cotch MF, Klein RJ, Janiszewski R. Self-reported age-related eye diseases and visual impairment in the United States: results of the 2002 national health interview survey. Am J Pub Health 2008;98:454–461.
42. Shweikh Y, Ko F, Chan MPY, Patel PJ, Muthy Z, Khaw PT, et al. Measures of socioeconomic status and self-reported glaucoma in the UK Biobank cohort. Eye 2015;29:1360– 1367.
43. Renard JP, Rouland JF, Bron A, Sellem E, Nordmann J-P, Baudouin C, et al. Nutritional, lifestyle and environmental factors in ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma: an exploratory case-control study. Acta Ophthalmol 2013;91:505–513.
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